Gökhan Karhan

In the 21st century, the relationship between economic development and technological innovation is becoming increasingly complex. In recent years, with the emergence of artificial intelligence as a pioneer and leader in technological innovation and its increasing use in many fields, unemployment is rising on the one hand, while on the other hand, unit costs are decreasing due to increased productivity. This dilemma has become a question that needs to be explored, especially for countries with technologies that make intensive use of artificial intelligence. To this end, this study examined the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) investments on economic development in Germany, the United States, China, France, South Korea, India, Italy, and Japan for the period 2012-2023 using panel data methods. The Human Development Index (HDI) is used as an indicator of economic development in the models developed for the analysis, while AI investments are treated as the main independent variable. Per capita income (PCI), inflation (INF), and foreign direct investment (FDI) are included in the model as control variables. Second-generation panel methods, such as the Pesaran– Yamagata homogeneity test, Pesaran CD tests, and the CIPS unit root test, are applied in the study, and long- and short-term relationships are analyzed using the CS-ARDL model. The research indicates that investments in AI have a beneficial and substantial effect on HDI over time. However, INF was found to have a negative impact on the HDI. It has been observed that the FDI variable has negative effects contrary to expectations. The heterogeneity of the variables' parameters suggests that the impact of AI investments on development varies across countries. In conclusion, AI investments appear to be a supportive element for economic development, but the appropriate macroeconomic and institutional framework must be provided for the sustainability of this impact.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de 1990-2022 yılları arasında devletin vergi gelirleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki Maki (2012) eşbütünleşme testi yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve kamu harcamaları değişkenlerinin kontrol değişkeni olarak kullanıldığı araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre vergi gelirleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemli pozitif ilişki olduğu, kamu harcamalarının büyüme ile uzun dönemde pozitif ilişkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öte yandan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar değişkenine ait katsayı ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre Türkiye’de 1990-2022 yılları arasında vergi gelirlerindeki artışın uzun dönemde kişi başına düşen geliri arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vergi Gelirleri, Ekonomik Büyüme, Kamu harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar JEL Sınıflandırması: H10, H20, H30

Aims: Per capita income, carbon dioxide emissions and urbanization are factors that have significant effects on health expenditures, and the interaction between these variables shapes the level of health and access to services in societies. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of economic growth, air pollution and urbanisation on health expenditures in MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkiye) countries. Methods: The environmental factors affecting health expenditures are investigated with DHausman and LM Bootstrap cointegration tests among panel data analysis methods. After determining that the series are cointegrated, the coefficients of the variables are investigated with the help of AMG and CCEMG coefficient tests. Results: According to the cointegration test results, it is proved that there is a long-run relationship between the series. With reference to results of AMG and CCEMG coefficient estimation, the coefficient of carbon dioxide emission variable is statistically significant at 1% significance level, while the effects of other variables on health expenditures are not statistically significant. However, a 1% increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the MINT country group increases health expenditures (per capita) by 0.20-0.25%. Conclusion: The MINT country groupshould implement policies to prevent air pollution in order to reduce the increasing effect of CO2 emissions on health expenditures. JEL classification: E10, H10, O44.

The relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth has constituted a substantial field of research. Particularly, examining the significance of causality direction between the two variables is of high significance, since it may provide valuable insights for policy-makers. In this study the causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth was investigated for 19 EU countries by using Rolling Windows Granger Causality Test for the 1994-2015 periods. Empirical findings show that renewable energy consumption Granger caused economic growth at 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2014 years. Economic growth Granger cause renewable energy consumption at 2004, 2005 and 2007 years. As can be understood from the results, the direction of the causality relationship between variables changes in different time periods. Empirical results have important policy implications for EU-19 Countries.Keywords: Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, Europe UnionJEL Classifications: O47, O13, O52DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7589