Mohammad Aghaee

The pharmaceutical industry has witnessed exponential growth in production volumes, driven by factors such as an aging global population and the COVID-19 pandemic. To meet the demand for high product quality alongside increased productivity, there is a growing emphasis on developing innovative Fermentation Analytical Technology (FAT) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools for real-time performance monitoring, modeling, measurement, and control. Building on our earlier work involving in-line monitoring of Bordetella pertussis fermentations using fluorescence spectroscopy, this review explores and compares the applications of vibrational and fluorescence spectroscopy for real-time bioprocess monitoring. We examine recent technological advancements and ongoing challenges in the field. Various spectroscopic techniques are evaluated in terms of cost-effectiveness and practical applicability, with a particular focus on in-line spectroscopy as a promising, low-cost solution for effective bioprocess monitoring.