Malak Yahya Alkhaldi

Background/Objectives: The widespread presence of antimicrobial-resistant pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater poses serious ecological and public health risks and remains difficult to address using conventional treatment technologies. Moreover, remediation strategies often involve overlooked environmental burdens, highlighting the need for technologies that are both efficient and environmentally sustainable. This study developed a novel GO/ZIF-60/CoNiAl -LTH (GO/ZIF-60/LTH) ternary nanocomposite adsorbent for removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from water matrixes while evaluating its environmental implications using Life cycle assessment (LCA). Methods: The adsorbent was synthesized by integrating graphene oxide (GO) and Ni–Al–Co layered triple hydroxide (LTH) into a ZIF-60 framework. Structural and surface characterization was conducted using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, BET, and UV–Vis analyses. The adsorbent’s CIP aqueous uptake was evaluated through batch experiments supported by kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and response surface methodology (RSM) analyses. Environmental performance was assessed through life cycle-based evaluation. Results: The composite achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 291 mg g⁻¹ and 91.6% removal efficiency with adsorption following pseudo-first-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm. The process was spontaneous and exothermic, with 75% efficiency retained after three regeneration cycles. The LCA revealed an overall global warming impact of 0.953 kg CO₂ eq per functional unit, with the NiAlCo-LTH synthesis stage (1.04 kg CO₂ eq) as the dominant hotspot, followed by final composite formation stage (0.66 kg CO₂ eq). Adsorption and regeneration provided credits (−0.336 and −0.513 kg CO₂ eq), offsetting the upstream impacts. Conclusions: The study demonstrates a new MOF–GO–LTH hybrid adsorbent with high CIP removal efficiency combined with its environmental sustainability assessment, providing a more comprehensive basis for adsorbent evaluation. Although the NiAlCo-LTH component was primarily responsible for the enhanced adsorption performance, yet, it also constituted the major environmental hotspot during its synthesis. These findings highlight the relevance of trade-off between functionality and environmental burden for process optimization, cleaner production, and the sustainable development of advanced adsorbents for pharmaceutical-contaminated water treatment.

This study investigates the synthesis process and characterization methods and evaluates the inhibition behavior of olanzapine (2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno-[2,3-b] 1,5]benzodiazepine (OLZ)) and its derivatives, such as 3-(2-methyl-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-10H-benzo[b]thieno[2,3-e] [1,4]diazepin-10-yl) propenamide (OLZ1) and Ethyl 2-(2-methyl-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-10H-benzo[b]thieno[2,3-e][1,4]diazepin-10 yl) acetate (OLZ2) for carbon steel (C1018) in a 1 M HCl acidic solution. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were employed to verify their molecular structures and functional groups, which characterized the derivatives after synthesis. Their corrosion inhibition potential for C1018 steel in acidic media was estimated by weight loss (WL) and electrochemical techniques, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), accompanied by surface analysis methods. The findings revealed that all three derivatives demonstrated exceptional inhibition performance, achieving maximum efficiencies of 88.83%, 91.20%, and 91.82% for OLZ, OLZ1, and OLZ2 at 300 ppm, respectively. Weight loss experiments across different temperatures further explored their inhibitory behavior. Although inhibition efficiency decreased with a temperature increase to 318 K, the derivatives still displayed notable performance, with maximum efficiencies of 74.75% for OLZ, 81.63% for OLZ1, and 79.44% for OLZ2. Polarization studies identified the corrosion inhibition mechanisms as an anodic type. Surface characterization of the C1018 steel coupons, both with and without the inhibitors, was performed using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These analyses indicated the creation of a protective inhibitor layer on the carbon steel surface, reducing corrosion in the acidic environment. Overall, this study underscores the potential of these drug derivatives as corrosion inhibitors, combining structural insights and performance assessments to support their industrial application.

This study investigates the synthesis process, characterization methods and evaluates the inhibition behavior of Olanzapine derivatives (OLZ, OLZ1, and OLZ2) for carbon steel (C1018) in a 1 M HCl acidic solution. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to verify their molecular structures and functional groups, which characterized the derivatives after synthesis. Their corrosion inhibition potential for C1018 steel in acidic media was estimated by weight-loss (WL) and electrochemical techniques (EIS, LPR, and PDP), accompanied by surface analysis methods. The findings revealed that all three derivatives demonstrated exceptional inhibition performance, achieving maximum efficiencies of 88.83%, 91.20%, and 91.82% for OLZ, OLZ1, and OLZ2 at 300 ppm, respectively. Weight-loss experiments across different temperatures further explored their inhibitory behavior. Although inhibition efficiency decreased with a temperature increase to 318 K, the derivatives still displayed notable performance, with maximum efficiencies of 74.75% for OLZ, 81.63% for OLZ1, and 79.44% for OLZ2. Polarization studies identified the corrosion inhibition mechanisms as anodic type. Surface characterization of the C1018 steel coupons, both with and without the inhibitors, was performed using FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These analyses indicated the creation of a protective inhibitor layer on the carbon steel surface, reducing corrosion in the acidic environment. Overall, the study underscores the potential of these drug derivatives as green corrosion inhibitors, combining structural insights and performance assessments to support their industrial application.