Miłosz Parczewski

Background In tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), central nervous system is infiltrated by a mixed leukocyte population detectable as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, contributing both to an infection control and immune-mediated pathology. The chemotactic pathways controlling this leukocyte influx are not well defined. Results We studied serum and CSF samples from 103 TBE patients, using normal serum (n=19) and CSF (n=12) as controls. We measured concentrations of the chemotactic cytokines IL-16, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, IL-8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CX3CL1 and XCL1 with a micro-bead assay and of CXCL12 with ELISA. The CSF lymphocyte subpopulations were counted cytometrically with a fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibody kit. DNA was isolated from patients’ blood samples and 10 polymorphisms in CCR2, CCL5, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CX3CR1 genes studied with real-time PCR. We analyzed results with non-parametric tests and created multivariate linear regression models of leukocyte population counts in CSF and of the clinical severity dependent on chemokine CSF levels. Except of CXCL2, CCL5 and XCL1, all the CSF chemokine concentrations were increased and the concentration index values favored their intrathecal synthesis. CXCL1, IL-8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL19 and CCL20 created chemotactic gradients towards CSF in 90-100% and CCL4, CCL7, CCL8 in about half of patients. The neutrophils associated predominantly with CXCL1 and IL-8 and the lymphocytes with IL-16, CCL19, CCL20, CCL4, CXCL12 and CXCL13, with consistent negative associations with CX₃CL1 and CCL2. CCL11, CCL19, CXCL10 and CXCL13 associated with milder and CXCL1 and CCL20 with a more severe presentation. There were associations between the genotypes of CCR2, CCL5, CXCR3 and CX3CR1 and concentrations of the relevant chemokines. Conclusions CXCL1/CXCR2, IL-8/CXCR1, CCL19/CCR7, CCL20/CCR6, CCL4/CCR5, CXCL12/CXCR4, CXCL13/CXCR5 and possibly other signaling axes contribute to pleocytosis in TBE. IL-16 associates with pleocytosis in an unclear mechanism and CX₃CL1 may be an antagonist of the leukocyte influx. The protective/immunopathogenic effects of chemokines are can be distinguished from their chemotactic effects, suggesting a complex relation between the inflammatory infiltrate and the clinical outcome. The genetic background influences chemokine expression in TBE.