Adila Nazli

Background: Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a major phenylpropanoid constituent of many medicinal plants belonging to the Nepetoideae subfamily of the Lamiaceae family and contributes significantly to their biological activities. Traditionally, RA-containing extracts have been prepared using organic solvents or hot-water extraction. Methods: In addition to conventional extraction techniques, the phenylpropanoid composition of medicinally important tissues from 13 Nepetoideae species was investigated following incubation in an aqueous medium at room temperature. Phenylpropanoids in the differently prepared extracts were identified by extensive HPLC-UV-HR-MS/MS and NMR analyses. The antioxidant and cytostatic activities of isolated phenylpropanoids were evaluated using DPPH and Alamar Blue assays, respectively. Results: In tissues of all investigated species, RA underwent rapid enzyme-catalyzed conversion during aqueous incubation through oxidative decarboxylation, accompanied by the transient accumulation of nepetoidins A and B. The RA-related phenylpropanoid salvianolic acid K was identified in the roots of three Salvia species, while a previously undescribed isomer, designated salvianolic acid O, was discovered in the roots of Salvia verticillata. Both compounds underwent enzymatic transformations analogous to those of RA in aqueous medium, yielding two previously undescribed phenylpropanoids, salvianolic acids P and Q. Optimized aqueous incubation conditions enabled the high-yield accumulation of these conversion products. Together with their parent compounds, seven phenylpropanoids were isolated from selected plant tissues and were found to exhibit structure-dependent antioxidant and metabolic inhibitory activities in vitro. Conclusions: Aqueous incubation of Nepetoideae plant tissues markedly alters their phytochemical composition and provides access to previously unavailable bioactive phenylpropanoids.

Cyclodextrins can serve as carriers for various payloads, utilizing their capacity to form unique host–guest inclusion complexes within their cavity and their versatile surface functionalization. Recently, cationic cyclodextrins have gained considerable attention, as they can improve drug permeability across negatively charged cell membranes and efficiently condense negatively charged nucleic acid due to electrostatic interactions. This review focuses on state-of-the-art and recent advances in the construction of cationic cyclodextrin-based delivery systems. First, we identified different cationic moieties that are commonly employed in the design of cyclodextrins with enhanced complexation ability. Subsequently, a wide range of cationic cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems were analyzed with emphasis on chemistry, drug release profiles, and therapeutic outcomes. The evaluation of the delivery platforms was also based on the four major types of drugs, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic agents. The delivery systems for nucleic acids were also summarized while focusing on their condensation ability, transfection efficiency, and biocompatibility in comparison to commercially available vectors such as PEI 25 kDa and lipofectamine 2000. Furthermore, we highlighted the potential of cationic cyclodextrins in constructing multimodal delivery systems for the simultaneous encapsulation of both drugs and nucleic acids. Finally, the challenges and limitations associated with cationic cyclodextrin setups were discussed.