Lucia Chaul

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease influenced by complex neuroimmune interactions and pain chronification mechanisms. Modern medical management is increasingly guided by a deeper understanding of neuroinflammation, peripheral and central sensitization, and immune dysregulation, moving beyond traditional hormonal suppression. This chapter will synthesize the latest evidence on precision medicine approaches, integrating pain phenotyping, molecular and inflammatory biomarkers, and mechanisms of treatment resistance. It will explore targeted pharmacologic strategies, including neuromodulators, selective progesterone receptor modulators, immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic agents, as well as innovative non-hormonal therapies under investigation. Additionally, it will highlight research gaps and opportunities for translational applications. The aim is to provide a rigorous, mechanism-based framework for individualized, effective, and biologically informed medical treatment of endometriosis.

Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is a severe condition which requires innovative surgical approaches to address complex anatomical distortions, reduce operative risks, and enhance outcomes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating three advanced surgical techniques-reverse laparoscopic technique, natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES), and advanced intraoperative bleeding control strategies-in managing a complex case of DIE. A 29-year-old nulligravida patient presented with hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, urinary symptoms, and bowel dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.3 cm #ENZIAN C3 intestinal nodule, bilateral ovarian endometriomas and multiple uterine fibroids. Advanced techniques reverse laparoscopic technique, associated with intraoperative bleeding control strategies such as vasopressin injection, temporary ligation of uterine arteries, and infundibulopelvic ligaments; combined with NOSES for specimen extraction. Patient included in this video gave consent for the publication of this video article and its online posting, including social media, journal's website, scientific literature websites, and other applicable sites. Operative time, estimated blood loss, preservation of anatomical structures, postoperative recovery time, symptom resolution, and complications were assessed. Surgery was completed in 180 minutes, with minimal blood loss (40 cc). The patient tolerated a general anti-inflammatory diet by postoperative day two and was discharged without complications. One month postoperatively, the patient showed significant symptom improvement. The combination of different techniques in the same surgery can clearly lead to favourable results and outcomes, ensuring optimal recovery with superior cosmetic and functional outcomes, particularly in fertility-preserving surgeries. The combination of NOSES, the reverse laparoscopic technique, and advanced bleeding control strategies ensures optimal management for complex procedures in DIE surgeries with fertility preservation.