Young-Rae Kim

Understanding luxury tourists required a more comprehensive approach than traditional expenditure-based segmentation, which often overlooked travelers’ financial capacity. This study therefore aimed to develop and validate a new typology of luxury tourists by jointly analyzing income and expenditure patterns using the International Visitor Survey of South Korea. The study addressed the need to capture both tourists’ economic capability and consumption behavior to enhance the precision of market segmentation and support sustainable destination management. Using the Jenks natural breaks classification and logistic regression, four distinct tourist types were identified: economy, spurious, scrooge, and premier, each reflecting unique combinations of income and expenditure. The results revealed that age, nationality, occupation, and trip purpose significantly influenced tourists’ classification. Younger and middle-aged professionals from East Asia were more likely to belong to high-income and high-expenditure groups, whereas Western tourists tended to spend more relative to their income. This income–expenditure typology advanced theoretical understanding of luxury tourism segmentation and provided practical insights for destination marketing organizations. The findings offered new insights for understanding how the alignment between tourists’ financial capacity and spending behavior can redefine strategies for sustainable and inclusive tourism development.

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between economic indicators, law enforcement mechanisms, and property-related crimes in Mongolia using a time-series econometric approach. Relying on the theoretical frameworks of Becker’s economic model of crime and Cantor and Land’s motivation–opportunity hypothesis, the study explores the effects of unemployment, detection probability, and incarceration rates on four crime categories: total crime, theft, robbery, and fraud. An error correction model (ECM) is employed to capture both short-run fluctuations and long-run equilibrium relationships over the period 1992–2022. The empirical findings reveal that detection rates exert a statistically significant deterrent effect on robbery in the short term, while incarceration rates are effective in reducing theft. Unemployment shows a positive and significant long-run effect on theft prior to 2009 but weakens thereafter due to methodological changes in labor statistics. Fraud demonstrates a distinct response pattern, exhibiting negative associations with both incarceration and unemployment, and showing no sensitivity to detection probability. Diagnostic tests support the model’s robustness, with heteroskedasticity in the theft model addressed using robust standard errors. This study contributes to the literature by providing the first country-specific empirical evidence on crime determinants in Mongolia. It highlights the heterogeneous impact of economic and institutional factors on different crime types in a transition economy. The findings underscore the need for integrated policy responses that combine improvements in law enforcement with inclusive economic and social development strategies.