Tiffany Lavis

Purpose: Adult grooming faces societal scepticism and is legally complex. There is a lack of empirical evidence, despite increasing recognition in the literature of a likely process associated with adult grooming. The present study aimed to provide a basis for further exploration, considering factors influencing early‐stage adult grooming, through investigation of the perpetrator's disposition and context of trust development on information disclosure. Methods: Using a mixed experimental design, the final sample of participants ( N = 135) was randomly assigned to one of two conditions (prosocial, antisocial) and presented with three vignettes (workplace, sports, and university), all depicting an interaction of a power imbalance relationship. Results: The perceived trustworthiness of the individual in power (perpetrator), the likelihood that the individual of lesser power (victim) would disclose personal information, and participants' own propensity to trust were measured. Results indicated prosocial perpetrators were perceived as more likely to be trustworthy and to elicit information compared with antisocial perpetrators. Furthermore, perpetrators in the workplace were perceived as the least trustworthy and the least likely to elicit information compared with sports and university contexts. Conclusions: This study provides some insight into possible factors that influence early‐stage adult grooming. It has the potential to inform further research, to work toward strategies to address real‐world contexts.

The importance of establishing knowledge about coeliac disease relates to the increasing incidence of symptomatic individuals who are undiagnosed. This study aimed to develop and pilot a tool that could be used to measure general knowledge regarding coeliac disease. A questionnaire was developed using 41 questions identified from an existing 300 published questions, to assess knowledge of symptoms, diagnosis, and management of coeliac disease (such as appropriate food preparation). Consenting participants completed the pilot questionnaire online (N = 359). Attrition analyses were conducted to determine whether there were any significant differences between those who completed the questionnaire (n = 284) and participants who left the study. Assessment of the questionnaire occurred in two stages. Initially, internal consistency, correlation, and exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the original 41 questions. Analyses were then repeated for the revised 25 questions, after low-performing questions were removed. Analyses of 284 participant responses indicated that low-performing questions could be removed to consolidate the questions into a single, streamlined scale with 25 questions. Three sub-scales were identified in the final questionnaire: basic knowledge, symptoms, and applied knowledge. The 41-question measure effectively distinguishes low- and high-levels of knowledge of coeliac disease; however, a streamlined scale of 25 questions can reduce completion time and attrition while maintaining validity. This questionnaire can be used for robust comparisons of knowledge between different populations. This questionnaire also offers a useful tool for identifying specific knowledge gaps, to guide efforts to raise awareness of coeliac disease in the general public, as well as for specific professions, to improve time to diagnosis, as well as food safety. One of the authors is the mother of teenage children with coeliac disease. Another author was diagnosed with coeliac disease at the age of 27 years. Another author developed coeliac disease at age 16, after which it took her 19 years to achieve diagnosis. The other author does not have coeliac disease or an immediate family member with coeliac disease. The research team therefore has a productive combination of insiders and outsiders.

Background: The importance of establishing knowledge about coeliac disease relates to the increasing incidence of symptomatic individuals who are undiagnosed. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and pilot a tool that could be used to measure general knowledge regarding coeliac disease. Design: A questionnaire was developed using 41 questions identified from an existing 300 published questions, to assess knowledge of symptoms, diagnosis, and management of coeliac disease (such as appropriate food preparation). Methods: Consenting participants completed the pilot questionnaire online ( N = 359). Attrition analyses were conducted to determine whether there were any significant differences between those who completed the questionnaire ( n = 284) and participants who left the study. Assessment of the questionnaire occurred in two stages. Initially, internal consistency, correlation, and exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the original 41 questions. Analyses were then repeated for the revised 25 questions, after low‐performing questions were removed. Results: Analyses of 284 participant responses indicated that low‐performing questions could be removed to consolidate the questions into a single, streamlined scale with 25 questions. Three sub‐scales were identified in the final questionnaire: basic knowledge, symptoms, and applied knowledge. Conclusions: The 41‐question measure effectively distinguishes low‐ and high‐levels of knowledge of coeliac disease; however, a streamlined scale of 25 questions can reduce completion time and attrition while maintaining validity. This questionnaire can be used for robust comparisons of knowledge between different populations. This questionnaire also offers a useful tool for identifying specific knowledge gaps, to guide efforts to raise awareness of coeliac disease in the general public, as well as for specific professions, to improve time to diagnosis, as well as food safety. Patient or Public Contribution: One of the authors is the mother of teenage children with coeliac disease. Another author was diagnosed with coeliac disease at the age of 27 years. Another author developed coeliac disease at age 16, after which it took her 19 years to achieve diagnosis. The other author does not have coeliac disease or an immediate family member with coeliac disease. The research team therefore has a productive combination of insiders and outsiders.

Despite the growing literature related to sexual consent, most research has focused on female victims, indicating a significant need for more research focusing on consent and victim blame with male victims. The current study investigated whether male victims are blamed for sexual assault where the perpetrator is a female, using traditional sexual script theory as a framework. The study investigated whether participants could clearly differentiate between consent and non-consent scenarios when ambiguous nonverbal cues were presented. Participants ( N = 167) were randomly assigned to one of three vignettes in a between-subjects experimental design: (a) A neutral control condition with no clear cues, (b) implicit nonverbal non-consent cues, and (c) explicit nonverbal non-consent cues. Participants were asked to rate consent and victim blame. Overall, the findings indicated that male participants placed more blame on victims and rated all scenarios (regardless of implicit or explicit cues) as more consensual than female participants. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that participants can identify non-consent, if any sort of cue (implicit or explicit) is presented. Nonetheless, participants believe that explicit cues, rather than implicit cues, would be the most effective method of communicating non-consent. These findings suggest that education campaigns may benefit from incorporating ambiguous non-consent cues in discussions about how consent is communicated.

There is little evidence relating to the effects of adding guidance to internet-based gambling interventions. The primary aim was to compare the effectiveness of an online self-directed cognitive-behavioural gambling program (GamblingLess) with and without therapist-delivered guidance. It was hypothesised that, compared to the unguided intervention, the guided intervention would result in superior improvements in gambling symptom severity, urges, frequency, expenditure, psychological distress, quality of life and help-seeking. A two-arm, parallel-group, randomised trial with pragmatic features and three post-baseline evaluations (8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 months) was conducted with 206 gamblers (106 unguided; 101 guided). Participants in both conditions reported significant improvements in gambling symptom severity, urges, frequency, expenditure, and psychological distress across the evaluation period, even after using intention-to-treat analyses and controlling for other low- and high-intensity help-seeking, as well as clinically significant changes in gambling symptom severity (69% recovered/improved). The guided intervention resulted in additional improvements to urges and frequency, within-group change in quality of life, and somewhat higher rates of clinically significant change (77% cf. 61%). These findings, which support the delivery of this intervention, suggest that guidance may offer some advantages but further research is required to establish when and for whom human support adds value.