Karol Krawczyk

Mass earth movements require reliable monitoring as well as defensible interpretation of spatial variability. This study evaluates a reproducibility-aware semivariogram workflow using two geodetic datasets with markedly different provenance: a reproducible two-epoch total-station network at the Kadzielnia landslide and archival UAV/Surfer products from a mining-affected road embankment in Bytom. The central question is not whether the two deformation mechanisms can be directly compared, but how much spatial inference remains defensible when sampling support, reference control, and data provenance differ. For Kadzielnia, 27 rock bolts generated 351 unique point pairs. Empirical semivariograms were recalculated with bootstrap confidence intervals, competing nugget, spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models, lag-bin sensitivity tests, leave-one-out kriging, simple prediction baselines, directional semivariograms, and circular statistics. Under the primary binning scheme, dh is best represented by a pure nugget, whereas dX, dY, and dr show non-unique model fits and parameter sensitivity; prediction gains over simple baselines are small. Horizontal directions are strongly concentrated (R = 0.970), but the archived network adjustment does not permit exclusion of common-mode reference-frame translation or orientation bias. For Bytom, recovered 2018 and 2019 point clouds contain more than 25 million records per epoch, but a coarse translation-only diagnostic leaves a 0.627 m centered residual RMSE, much larger than the deformation scale of interest. In addition, the exact time interval and point-level provenance of the archived semivariograms cannot be reconstructed. Consequently, Bytom is used only as an archival reproducibility example. The results show that semivariograms are useful exploratory diagnostics, but physical interpretation requires stable reference control, stationarity checks, robust binning, transparent model comparison, and reproducible data provenance.

High-rise construction requires both geometric setting-out and monitoring of structural movement. This paper presents a simulation-based decision framework for adaptive construction control. The numerical experiment is a synthetic uncertainty-propagation test: a prescribed storey-level deformation profile is treated as the input signal, while 500 Monte Carlo realisations represent repeated coordinate solutions affected by independent horizontal coordinate noise and a campaign-common reference-frame component. The Monte Carlo procedure does not simulate structural mechanics, raw Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observables, satellite geometry or a full GNSS network adjustment; its purpose is to quantify how coordinate-level uncertainty affects threshold exceedance and decision-zone assignment. The same decision logic can be supplied by conventional geodetic techniques, provided that they deliver displacement estimates in a common reference frame; in a future field implementation, periodic GNSS ties could therefore be complemented by total-station and/or optical/laser-plummet observations. A four-zone decision rule combines the observed deformation magnitude with a transfer-risk indicator and is exercised on a synthetic 248 m, 62-storey benchmark geometry. Under the stated stress-test assumptions, the adopted correction model reduces the mean residual deformation on intervention storeys to approximately 1.1–3.3 mm. These values are outputs of the synthetic benchmark, not demonstrated field performance. The study therefore evaluates the internal consistency and uncertainty sensitivity of the decision logic and defines requirements for future observation-level and field validation.

The purpose of this paper is analysing the correlation between the magnitude of the annual amplitude of seasonal changes in the coordinate components of GNSS reference stations and the height of the antenna mounting above the ground. For this purpose, the daily coordinate solutions of more than 500 GNSS reference stations that are part of the IGS (International GNSS Service) network were studied due to their distribution across the globe and long operating time, for some stations dating back to the 1990s. To minimize the impact of the tectonic plate movements authors adopted coordinates of reference stations inside each of the 21 tectonic plates. The coordinates in a topocentric reference frame were detrended in accordance with a linear model, with the objective of removing first-order trends. Subsequently, the seasonal yearly functions were calculated for each North, East and Up component. Finally, the amplitude of the seasonal factor for each station was determined. As a result of the analysis, the existence of annual amplitudes of coordinate changes was demonstrated for some of the stations, but no significant correlation between this phenomenon and the height of the GNSS antenna mounting was shown. In the case of the horizontal components, the majority of the station’s time series is characterized by the amplitude of seasonal function does not exceed 2.5–3 mm, and 5 mm for the vertical component.

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