Liyun Wang

Coordinating public service supply and demand is essential to urban social sustainability. This study examines ten suburban districts of Beijing at six observation points from 2015 to 2024 and develops an integrated framework encompassing resource endowment, demand pressure, supply–demand matching, and spatial equity. Resource endowment and demand pressure are measured using spatial accessibility and objective weighting methods, while relative matching coefficients, Lorenz curves, and Gini coefficients are employed to evaluate spatial mismatch and equity. The results reveal a shift toward a dynamic polycentric supply pattern, persistent relative undersupply in Tongzhou and Daxing, and dimension-specific deficits in several otherwise balanced districts. Overall spatial equity improved during the study period, although localized mismatches remained. Public service planning should therefore move from uniform expansion toward demand-responsive, place-specific, and service-specific optimization.

This study focuses on the challenges of resident mobility in low-density areas. Amid China’s rapid urbanization, rural landscapes and travel patterns are undergoing significant transformation. Using Lanzhou’s rural areas as a representative case study, this research employs questionnaire surveys to collect data. It applies a multi-nominal logit (MNL) model to examine factors influencing travel mode choices and utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess travel satisfaction—a composite metric derived from residents’ subjective evaluations of convenience, cost, time, and comfort. Findings indicate that private cars and public transportation are the primary travel modes. The MNL model reveals that age and destination accessibility significantly influence travel choices. SEM path analysis further shows that annual household income has a direct positive effect on satisfaction, while age exerts an indirect negative influence through mediating variables. Female satisfaction levels were significantly lower than those of males. Both road density and perceived infrastructure quality significantly enhanced satisfaction, while destination accessibility may exert a slight negative indirect effect by increasing travel expectations. The study theoretically enriches research on rural travel patterns and provides practical insights into rural transportation planning and infrastructure development.

With the increase in urban–rural disparities in China, rural public transportation systems in low-density areas face unique challenges, especially in the contexts of sparse population, complex topography, and uneven resource allocation; research on public transportation in low-density areas has had less attention compared to high-density urban areas. Therefore, how to solve the dilemma of public transportation service provision in low-density rural areas due to sparse population and long travel distances has become an urgent problem. In this paper, a dynamic optimization model based on a two-layer planning framework was constructed. The upper layer optimized the topology of multimodal transportation nodes through the Floyd shortest path algorithm to generate a composite network of trunk roads and feeder routes; the lower layer adopted an improved Logit discrete choice model, integrating the heterogeneous utility parameters, such as time cost, economic cost, and comfort, to simulate and realize the equilibrium allocation of stochastic users. It was found that the dynamic game mechanism based on the “path optimization–fairness measurement” can optimize the travel time, mode, route, and bus stop selection of rural residents. At the same time, the mechanism can realize the fair distribution of rural transportation network subjects (people–vehicles–roads). This provides a dynamic, multi-scenario macro policy reference basis for the optimization of a rural transportation network layout.