Sarah Anwar Almulla

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) holds significant potential to enhance diagnostic support and access to dermatological care; however, its adoption depends on public trust and acceptance. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of dermatological AI among Saudi adults, and to identify factors associated with adoption, trust, and preferred system characteristics. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 668 Saudi adults (≥18 years) between 21 May and 5 June 2025, using convenience and snowball sampling via social media platforms (WhatsApp, Snapchat, Twitter/X, and Telegram). The questionnaire captured demographics, attitudes toward AI (20-item Likert scale), and perceived importance of six AI system features. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of King Faisal University (Approval No. KFU-REC-2025-MAY-ETHICS3443, approval date 19 May 2025). Results: The mean overall AI attitude orientation score was 74.48 ± 10.20 (Cronbach’s α = 0.868), reflecting moderately positive but conditional attitudes toward dermatological AI. Participants strongly preferred physician-supervised AI over fully autonomous systems, with medical oversight receiving the highest agreement (mean 4.27 ± 0.87). Privacy protection and diagnostic accuracy were rated as the most important system features. Age was significantly associated with the overall AI attitude orientation score (p = 0.009), with younger participants demonstrating more favorable orientations. Interest in technology showed the strongest association with both AI attitude orientation and perceived importance (p < 0.001). No demographic variable independently predicted high intention to use AI in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Saudi adults generally exhibit favorable yet cautious attitudes toward dermatological AI. Implementation strategies should prioritize physician oversight, transparency, data privacy, and culturally responsive design to support responsible integration into clinical practice.

Drug-induced cutaneous phenotypes can act as early, bedside-visible clinical risk signals of systemic toxicity because the skin externalizes immune dysregulation, epithelial injury, and microvascular disturbance before organ-specific symptoms are obvious. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed human evidence linking drug-related eruptions to systemic harm and actionable clinical decisions. We searched databases through January 2026 with citation chasing and organized findings using a morphology-anchored framework cross mapped to drug classes and mechanisms. High-risk patterns repeatedly signal urgent systemic risk: painful dusky or targetoid lesions with mucosal involvement and blistering/epidermal detachment require immediate culprit withdrawal and admission-level supportive care; widespread eruption with facial edema plus fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, or atypical lymphocytosis requires drug discontinuation and close monitoring for drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Research priorities include prospective validation of phenotypes as quantitative predictive risk signals, harmonized outcomes, reproducible imaging standards, and bias-aware digital implementation.

Case Report A successful treatment of urticaria pigmentosa with omalizumab in a pediatric patient: a case report Abdulmohsen Alhajri, Mohammed Abdullah Hussain Albaqshi, Zainab Yousef Almarzooq, Mohammed Abdullah Aljughayman, Sarah Anwar Almulla, Fajr Saad Alkhalifa, Zahra Saleh Alsindi

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) methods are increasingly used to assess hair and scalp disorders. However, the range of clinical tasks addressed, model performance, and methodological robustness across indications remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidance. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to December 2025, with additional reference screening. We included interventional or observational studies that developed, validated, or clinically evaluated AI and machine learning (ML) models using scalp photography, dermoscopy/trichoscopy, or related imaging modalities and reported extractable performance or agreement outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2 for diagnostic studies, PROBAST+AI for prediction models, and the NIH/NHLBI tool for the single before–after trial. Due to methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: From 2,256 records, 15 studies published between 2020 and 2026 met the inclusion criteria, with seven published in 2025 or 2026. Thirteen were retrospective image analysis or model development studies, and two were prospective investigations. Seven studies addressed diagnostic classification, and six focused on severity scoring or quantitative assessment; prognosis and treatment response were each evaluated in one study. Deep learning approaches, predominantly transfer-learned convolutional neural networks, were most common, alongside segmentation frameworks and occasional traditional ML algorithms. Reported performance was generally high in controlled datasets and structured tasks, including strong agreement for automated Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) estimation and robust discrimination between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis. Conclusions: AI demonstrates promising potential for scalp disease diagnosis and objective severity quantification, particularly for automated SALT estimation and patterned hair-loss assessment. However, the current evidence base is dominated by retrospective single-source datasets with limited external validation, restricting confidence in generalizability and clinical implementation.

Background: Long-term corticosteroid use remains central to managing autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs) but carries substantial toxicity, prompting wider use of steroid-sparing agents ranging from conventional immunosuppressants to biologics. Comparative evidence on the efficacy and safety of these agents remains heterogeneous. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published from 2015 to 2025 evaluating steroid-sparing therapies in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. After duplicate removal and two-reviewer screening against predefined eligibility criteria, nine studies totaling 396 patients (randomized trials, prospective comparisons, and retrospective cohorts) were included. Methodological quality was appraised using ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies and Cochrane RoB2 for randomized trials. Results: Rituximab (RTX) was associated with higher long-term remission and faster corticosteroid tapering than conventional immunosuppressants, but with a higher rate of serious adverse events (approximately 15% to 22% vs. 10% to 15%). Short-term dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse therapy performed comparably to RTX in some studies, though its long-term safety remains a concern. Among conventional agents, mycophenolate mofetil enabled faster steroid tapering than azathioprine. Risk of bias was moderate to serious across the non-randomized studies and ranged from some concerns to high risk across the three randomized trials; considerable heterogeneity in design and outcome reporting limits direct comparison across studies. Conclusion: RTX was associated with more durable disease control than conventional agents in this set of studies, but the certainty of this finding is limited by the moderate-to-high risk of bias and small number of included studies. Treatment selection should be individualized based on disease severity, comorbidities, cost, and access, and future research should prioritize standardized, long-term, pragmatic comparative trials.

Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the awareness and risk factors for diaper dermatitis (DD) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized an electronic survey, distributed from February to May 2025, among parents through collaboration with local kindergartens to collect information about their children’s diaper use. Results: The study included 441 participants, showing that the main risk factors associated with the disease included age, as children above 24 months had higher frequencies of the disease, as well as the administration of supplementary food and allergies. No significant correlations were found with long-term medication use, congenital malformations, or gastrointestinal infections. Conclusion: Healthcare providers should encourage caregivers not to delay toilet training their children to avoid the risk of DD. In addition, encourage breastfeeding, as those who were administered supplementary foods had a higher risk of the disease.

This study provide a comprehensive analysis of using oral isotretinoin as a promising therapy for severe to moderate seborrheic dermatitis, which is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that results in scaling as well as erythema that affects specific sites of the skin such as the scalp, face, upper trunk, or flexures. However, the exact cause of this condition is unclear.Various internal and external factors are associated with its pathogenesis. It is believed that the main factor is the overgrowth of Malassezia yeast, which is a part of the normal skin flora,proliferates in the sebum-rich areas.Other causes include host related factors like genetic predisposition, altered inflammatory responses as well as immune dysregulation, caused by conditions such as HIV or malignancies. In addition, neurophysiological and environmental factors can influence the disease onset. Cold climate, stress, and neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease all are key factors influencing the onset and relapse of the disease.Pathogenesis involves a complicated interaction between microbial, immunological, and epidermal factors. Malassezia antigens and metabolites in predisposed individuals can trigger both innate and adaptive immunity leading to inflammatory reactions. In addition, Malassezia’s lipase activity damages the skin barrier by.producing unsaturated fatty acids, leading to raised epidermal turnover and scaling.

Pemphigus vegetans (PVeg), which affects < 2% of pemphigus cases, presents a therapeutic challenge when refractory to conventional treatments. Herein, we describe the case of a 58-year-old woman diagnosed with Hallopeau-type PVeg who demonstrated a complete response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) after failing multiple conventional therapies. The patient exhibited vegetative plaques at multiple sites, with notable nail involvement. Her disease remained poorly controlled despite a 7-year course of systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and rituximab. Two courses of IVIG (5% concentration, 2 g/kg) resulted in the complete resolution of the disease. This case highlights IVIG’s therapeutic potential in refractory PVeg and emphasizes the importance of recognizing atypical manifestations, including nail involvement. While this single case yielded promising results, future studies must validate the role of IVIG in the management of treatment-resistant PVeg.

Objective: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia; it is expected to see global cases tripling by 2050. This study evaluates public awareness of AD in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia, highlighting the need to improve background knowledge of AD and assess the impact of public education on early detection and management. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional study that targeted the public in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. It was conducted between June 2024 and October 2024. Data were collected using an online questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Our study involved 814 participants. A significant majority (94.7%) believe that brain-stimulating activities can delay AD onset. However, misconceptions persist, with 49.1% incorrectly thinking that AD can affect those in their 30s or 40s, though 86.9% correctly recognize it primarily affects those over 65 years of age. Awareness of cardiovascular health factors as risks was noted by 68.9% of participants, and 60.2% believed environmental toxins could also be a factor. Key recognized symptoms included difficulty in remembering events (76.5%), planning daily activities (65.4%), handling finances (59.7%), and confusion about time and place (79.7%). Furthermore, 80.1% understood that those with AD might better recall older events. The study also found a reliance on informal information sources, with 51.8% of participants guessing answers about the disease. Conclusions: Many participants understand that brain-stimulating activities might delay Alzheimer’s onset, but significant misconceptions regarding its typical age of onset persist. Education programs using reliable sources are crucial for improving community understanding and management of the disease.