Budi Wardiman

Background and Aim: Cassava (Manihot esculenta) processing generates large quantities of residues that represent an abundant yet underutilized resource for sustainable dairy production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. These residues, including cassava pulp, peels, mixed processing residues, foliage, and other industrial by-products, have considerable potential as circular energy feed ingredients due to their high fermentable carbohydrate content and regional availability. However, their practical use remains constrained by substantial variability in nutrient composition, cyanogenic glycoside content, high moisture content, rapid spoilage, and inconsistent quality across processing streams. This review critically evaluates the current evidence regarding the classification, nutritional characteristics, physical properties, safety constraints, preservation technologies, and practical feeding applications of cassava processing residues in dairy cows within the framework of a circular bioeconomy. Particular emphasis is placed on stream-specific variability arising from processing methods, starch recovery efficiency, cultivar, season, and post-processing handling, as these factors directly influence feeding value and ration formulation. Major safety challenges, including hydrogen cyanide, fungal spoilage, mycotoxin contamination, microbiological hazards, and inorganic contaminants, are discussed together with recent advances in hazard mitigation. The review highlights technology-enabled stabilization approaches, including drying, ensiling, microbial inoculation, fermentation, and integrated detoxification strategies, that improve preservation, aerobic stability, feed safety, and nutritional consistency. Available dairy feeding studies indicate that properly stabilized cassava processing residues can partially replace conventional cereal-based energy sources when incorporated at appropriate dietary inclusion levels and balanced with adequate physically effective fiber and rumen-degradable nitrogen. Conversely, excessive inclusion or inadequate stabilization may compromise rumen function, reduce milk production, and impair milk quality. A practical framework emphasizing specification-based procurement, analytical quality control, rapid stabilization, and ration level management is proposed to facilitate the safe and efficient incorporation of cassava residues into dairy production systems. Overall, cassava processing residues represent promising circular feed resources that can enhance resource-use efficiency, reduce feed costs, minimize agro-industrial waste, and support environmentally sustainable dairy production. Nevertheless, wider adoption will require standardized quality specifications, improved preservation technologies, robust safety monitoring, and further validation through long-term commercial feeding trials and integrated economic and life cycle assessments. Keywords: aerobic stability, cassava processing residues, circular bioeconomy, cyanide detoxification, dairy cows, ensiling, feed safety, tropical dairy systems.

Background and Aim: Enteric methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminants are a major contributor to agricultural greenhouse gases and represent both an environmental concern and an energy loss for the animal. Despite extensive research on dietary mitigation strategies, translating experimental findings into scalable, context-specific applications remains challenging. This study aimed to map the global research landscape on diet-based enteric methane mitigation and to develop an implementation-oriented framework that links intervention efficacy to transferability across diverse production systems. Materials and Methods: A combined bibliometric and structured literature review approach was employed. A Scopus-indexed dataset (2005–2025) comprising 3,070 English-language documents from 456 sources was analyzed using the Bibliometrix package in R to evaluate publication trends, authorship patterns, country contributions, and collaboration networks. Concurrently, a structured narrative synthesis was conducted to classify dietary mitigation strategies into an implementation-relevant taxonomy and to identify constraints influencing cross-country transferability, including feeding systems, delivery mechanisms, and regulatory readiness. Results: The field exhibited rapid growth (18.38% annual growth rate), with nearly half of the publications produced since 2021. Research output involved 7,720 authors across 93 countries, reflecting strong collaboration (12.1 authors per paper; 37.72% international co-authorship) but significant concentration of influence among leading countries. The intervention landscape was organized into two principal categories: basal diet manipulation and feed additives/rumen modifiers. While numerous strategies demonstrated mitigation potential, their scalability depended largely on system compatibility, dose assurance, measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) capacity, and regulatory frameworks rather than biological efficacy alone. Grazing-dominant and smallholder systems faced greater transfer constraints compared to confined feeding systems. Conclusion: Diet-based methane mitigation research has evolved into a rapidly expanding, collaborative field; however, practical implementation remains limited by system-specific and institutional factors. Effective mitigation at scale requires context-adapted intervention portfolios aligned with local feeding systems, infrastructure, and regulatory environments. Integrating bibliometric insights with a transferability-focused framework provides a robust basis for prioritizing research and guiding policy and industry adoption without compromising ruminant productivity. Keywords: bibliometric analysis, diet-based mitigation, enteric methane, feed additives, greenhouse gas emissions, ruminant nutrition, transferability framework, tropical livestock systems.

Tomato pomace is a fiber‐, lipid‐, and bioactive‐rich agro‐industrial byproduct with potential application in ruminant diets, but animal responses vary across species, processing methods, inclusion levels, and feeding systems. This systematic review and multilevel meta‐analysis quantified in vivo responses while accounting for dependent effect sizes, shared controls, and crossover designs. The literature search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, AGRIS, and Google Scholar. The systematic‐review evidence base comprised 32 reports representing 33 independent in vivo experiments; the primary quantitative dataset contained 456 effect‐size observations from 27 independent biological cohorts. The primary effect size was the natural logarithm of the response ratio (lnRR), expressed as percentage change, except for rumen pH, which was analyzed as a raw mean difference. Multilevel REML models used full sampling variance‐covariance matrices and CR2 cluster‐robust inference. Among the 26 experiments with complete domain‐level risk‐of‐bias appraisal, 19 (73.1%) were classified as having some concerns and seven (26.9%) as high risk; none was classified as overall low risk. Across conventional performance outcomes, tomato pomace was associated with a small average decrease in dry matter (DM) intake and average daily gain, a slight decrease in feed conversion ratio, and a small increase in milk yield and milk fat, although these responses were not statistically consistent. DM digestibility tended to increase slightly, whereas organic matter and crude protein digestibility showed small negative average changes. In contrast, NDF digestibility showed a possible small increase (+2.6%), suggesting a potentially favorable fiber‐utilization response, although its prediction interval crossed the null and statistical support was sensitive to variance‐quality assumptions. Ruminal fermentation responses were modest and heterogeneous: rumen pH tended to decrease slightly, whereas ammonia–N and total VFA tended to increase. Milk fatty‐acid composition showed the clearest directional changes, with C16:0 tending to decrease, while C18:0, C18:1 cis‐9, and total MUFA increased. Exploratory moderators did not identify consistent effects of species, physiological stage, or replacement category, and no linear dose–response relationship was detected for DM intake. Overall, tomato pomace appears compatible with maintenance of conventional productive responses, while effects on fiber digestibility and milk fatty‐acid composition remain context‐dependent.

This study examines global research trends in edible insects using a bibliometric approach to evaluate country contributions, which are essential for understanding the geographic distribution of research capacity, funding availability, and regional priorities. Country‐specific insights highlight disparities in research output and infrastructure, providing a foundation for exploring how different nations adopt edible insects in food systems and feed applications. Based on 2291 articles indexed in the Scopus database from 2005 to 2024, the analysis utilized Bibliometrix in R software and VOSviewer for bibliometric visualization. To enhance data processing and presentation, Scimago Graphica, Tableau, and MS Excel were employed for advanced visualizations. The findings reveal the rapid growth in edible insect research, with Europe leading in output, particularly from Italy, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Asia shows strong contributions, with South Korea and China emerging as key players supported by robust funding frameworks. The United States, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands host the largest number of journals, facilitating widespread knowledge dissemination. Collaborative networks, led by Germany, Italy, and Kenya, drive advancements, while the Netherlands ranks highest in citations, underscoring the impact of its research. Emerging themes include bioactive compounds, functional foods, circular economy practices, and sustainable feed for livestock and aquaculture, aligning with global sustainability goals. Insects like black soldier fly larvae, crickets, and mealworms are being explored as efficient protein sources for animal feed. Addressing food safety, allergenicity, and cultural barriers remains critical. Future research should focus on scalable farming, innovative food processing, and underutilized species, with global collaboration and sustainability alignment being pivotal.