Salahdeen Ismail Mohammed

Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) frequently have hypomagnesemia, although magnesium (Mg) has proven cardioprotective characteristics. Cardiovascular fatality has been linked to low serum Mg levels; however, the exact mechanism is unknown and results are inconsistent. This study aims to measure the level of serum Mg among patients diagnosed with AMI. Methods: One hundred AMI patients who came to the Wad Madani Heart Center were included in a cross-sectional research study. Demographic data, clinical data (presenting compliance, medical history, and medication history), laboratory examination, electrocardiography (ECG) findings, and echocardiography findings were collected. Serum Mg was measured for all participants, and hypomagnesemia was considered as a serum Mg level <1.6 mg/dl. Version 21.0 of SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of 100 patients was 60 ± 2 years, with 55 (or 55%) being female and 45 (or 45%) being male. Chest pain (n = 92; 92%) was the major presenting complaint. Moreover, the most prevalent heart disease determinants among patients were diabetes mellitus (n = 50; 50%) and hypertension (n = 50; 50%). The mean of Mg was 2.5 mg/dl, and hypomagnesemia was found in 10 (10%) patients and significantly associated with arrhythmia, namely supraventricular tachycardia, (P-value = 0.01). Patients with normal or low Mg levels (98%) were more likely to be discharged in stable condition, whereas all fatalities were among patients with elevated Mg levels (2%). Conclusion: The frequency of hypomagnesemia among AMI patients was 10%. In addition, hypomagnesemia was significantly associated with arrhythmias (mainly supraventricular tachycardia).

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), particularly Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a life-threatening pathogen that causes a variety of infections in hospital and community settings. It poses a significant risk and challenge for global health that hinders our ability to control and treat bacterial infections. Recently, the emergence and spread of variant strains of bacteria, misuse of the limited available options of effective antibiotics, spread of fake drugs, and climate change that increased the contact between humans and animals’ populations carrying different bacterial has significantly increased the incidence of Multi-Drug Resistance strains (MDR). This in turn, has created a severe problem in the infection control treatment of S. aureus infected patients. Treatment options for MRSA infection are increasingly limited and complicated. Unfortunately, different strains of MRSA are showing tolerance and resistance toward vancomycin, which is the standard of care for complicated MRSA. Therefore, it is crucial now to invest developing new effective anti-biotics and synergies, develop and implement national action plans for the management of an-tibiotic resistance, as well as improving our understanding of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Here, in this review we explain the main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in MRSA and describes different approaches to manipulate it in MRSA, providing a basis for de-signing effective drugs, and shedding some light on the evolution of S. aureus.