Yichen Liu

Coronaviruses are a group of widespread infectious pathogens that pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Corona Virus Disease 2019, instigated by severe acute respiratory SARS-CoV-2, has presented an unprecedented challenge to global public health in recent years. The host innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which plays a key role in inhibiting the initial infection of viruses and regulating the initiation and development of acquired immunity. However, coronaviruses can suppress the host’s innate immune response through their unique immune escape mechanisms, which is one of the key strategies for coronavirus pathogenesis. This review focuses on the host’s innate immune sensors, innate antiviral immune responses, and the mechanisms employed by coronaviruses to evade and suppress the innate immune system. And we hope that it will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the escape mechanism of coronaviruses regarding innate immunity and the pathogenesis of coronaviruses.

Under modern intensive and large-scale animal farming practices, the high animal density and confined spaces have progressively elevated the risk of disease transmission while complicating epidemic prevention and control. Current estimates indicate that over 70% of animal disease risks stem from viral infections, primarily transmitted via aerosol pathways. Such aerosol-mediated transmission not only triggers concentrated disease outbreaks within farms but also endangers farm workers and adjacent environments, thereby amplifying prevention challenges and substantially impeding the sustainable development of livestock industries. Therefore, this review systematically expounds the sources, hazards, and influencing factors of microbial aerosols in livestock farming environments. Furthermore, it proposes targeted prevention and control measures to address these challenges, aiming to provide theoretical and practical insights for enhancing disease prevention and promoting the healthy development of the livestock industry.

The discovery and clinical deployment of antibiotics marked a paradigm shift in combating bacterial infections, profoundly benefiting human medicine, veterinary health, and agricultural productivity. However, pervasive overuse in both the clinical and livestock sectors has precipitated an alarming acceleration of antimicrobial resistance, now recognized as a critical global health threat. Compounding this crisis, livestock-associated resistant pathogens persistently colonize the food production continuum, enabling zoonotic transmission through animal-derived products and endangering public health, food safety, and human survival. This review delineates current insights into bacterial resistance mechanisms and evaluates innovative countermeasures, aiming to inform future antimicrobial development and resistance containment strategies.

Virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) serve as critical components of host immune defense, countering viral infections by specifically recognizing epitopes on viral surface antigens to block viral entry and replication. This review elucidates the functional mechanisms of VNAs, with a focus on the dynamic interactions between the Fab region and viral epitopes, including steric hindrance and conformational locking, as well as the effector functions mediated by the Fc segment. Furthermore, we dissect diverse viral evasion strategies against neutralization that have emerged in recent studies, encompassing antigenic drift/shift, glycan shielding, epitope occlusion, antibody-dependent enhancement, and mutation accumulation under population immune pressure. Integrating structural biology insights with clinical evidence, we analyze challenges in developing broadly neutralizing antibodies and highlight innovative technological approaches. Our synthesis aims to establish a theoretical framework for the rational design and clinical translation of next-generation VNAs, thereby advancing novel strategies for antiviral therapeutics development.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), characterized by high-level β-lactam resistance and increasing multi-drug resistance, poses a severe and growing global threat to human health and public safety. This review examines MRSA’s complex resistance mechanisms, including mecA/mecC-mediated expression of low-affinity PBP2a, regulatory roles of auxiliary genes like fem and vanA, enzymatic inactivation by β-lactamases and modifying enzymes, efflux pump activity, and biofilm formation. We also systematically review novel therapeutic strategies, such as combination therapies, phage-derived biofilm disruptors, membrane-targeting silver nanoparticles, cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides, colonization-competitive probiotics, and antibiotic-synergizing phytochemicals. These advances provide critical insights for developing effective countermeasures against MRSA, while highlighting the urgent need for global collaboration, antibiotic stewardship, and innovative drug development to combat antimicrobial resistance.