Kunzheng Wang

In recent years, the passenger flow volume of conventional transit in major cities has declined steadily. Ground public transit often suffers from congestion during rush hours caused by frequent stops (e.g., conventional fixed-route buses) or excessively high operating costs (e.g., demand-responsive transit). While rail transit offers reliable service with dedicated right-of-way, its high capital and operational costs pose challenges for integrated planning with other transit modes. The joint design of rail, conventional buses, and DRT remains underexplored. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes and analyses a new hybrid transit system that integrates conventional transit service with demand-adaptive transit (DAT) to feed urban rail transit (the system hence called hybrid microtransit system). The main task is to optimally design the hybrid microtransit system to allocate resources efficiently across different modes. Both the conventional transit and DAT connect passengers from their origin/destination to the rail transit stations. Travelers can choose one of the services to access urban rail transit, or directly walk. Accordingly, we divide the service area into three parts and compute the user costs to access rail transit by conventional transit and DAT. The optimal design problem is hence formulated as a mixed integer program by minimizing the total system cost, which includes both the user and agency (operating) costs. Numerical experiment results demonstrate that the hybrid microtransit system performs better than the system that only has conventional transit to feed under all demand levels, achieving up to a 7% reduction in total system cost. These may provide some evidence to resolve the “first-mile” challenges of rail transit in megacities by designing better conventional transit and DAT.