Chunyan Peng

The Sanniang Bay (SNB) and Dafeng River Estuary (DFR) in the Northern Beibu Gulf, China, are critical habitats for the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis). However, whether and how the decreased dissolved oxygen (DO) has happened in bottom seawater remains poorly understood. This study investigated DO depletion and microbial community responses using a multidisciplinary approach. High-resolution spatiotemporal sampling (16 stations across four seasons) was combined with functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) to characterize anaerobic metabolic pathways and quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting dsrA and dsrB genes to quantify sulfate-reducing bacteria. Partial least-squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was employed to statistically link environmental variables (seawater properties and nutrients) to microbial community structure. Results revealed pronounced bottom DO declining to 5.44 and 7.09 mg L⁻¹, a level approaching sub-optimal state (4.0–4.8 mg L⁻¹) in September. Elevated chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) near the SDH coincided with anaerobic microbial enrichment, including sulfate reducers (dsrA/dsrB abundance: SNB > DFR). PLS-PM identified seawater properties (turbidity, DO, pH) and nitrogen as key drivers of anaerobic taxa distribution. Co-occurrence network analysis further demonstrated distinct microbial modules in SNB (phytoplankton-associated denitrifiers) and DFR (autotrophic sulfur oxidizers, nitrogen fixation, and denitrification). These findings highlight how environmental factors drive decreased DO, reshaping microbial networks and threatening coastal ecosystems. This work underscores the need for regulating aquaculture/agricultural runoff to limit eutrophication-driven hypoxia and temporarily restrict human activities in SNB during peak hypoxia (September–October).