Olena Dobrovolska

Effective climate policy is central to sustainability transitions and to monitoring progress toward sustainable development, yet national climate policy ratings often differ in scope, indicator design, time coverage, and scoring logic, producing inconsistent country assessments. This creates a need for transparent tools that can compare, interpret, and contextualize existing indices rather than rely on any single metric. This paper develops an exploratory protocol for sustainability-oriented cross-index assessment of national climate policy effectiveness. We combine a structured comparative analysis and a SWOT-informed diagnostic synthesis of four representative approaches—the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), Climate Action Tracker (CAT), the Climate Laws, Institutions, and Measures Index (CLIMI), and the Climate Policy Measure Index (CPMI)—with a pilot inter-index concordance test using rank-based correlation analysis for a small country sample and a common reference year (2012). The pilot is intended as an illustrative methodological example rather than a generalizable statistical test. The results indicate strong alignment among broad, composite approaches (CCPI, CAT, CLIMI), while an instrument-focused metric (CPMI, centered on carbon pricing and fiscal signals) shows weaker consistency with outcome- and governance-oriented ratings. Building on these insights, we compile an integrated indicator set that links outcomes (GHG levels and trends), structural drivers (energy mix, efficiency), policy instruments (pricing, regulation, subsidies), governance capacity (legal and institutional strength), and enabling conditions (finance, public engagement, international cooperation). We also specify the operational steps of the proposed workflow, including index selection, temporal harmonization, ordinal encoding, concordance analysis, discrepancy diagnosis, indicator mapping, and provisional normalization, weighting, aggregation, and validation rules for future composite implementation. The protocol should therefore be understood as a sustainability-oriented decision support workflow for interpreting agreements and disagreements across existing indices and for supporting more balanced evaluation of low-carbon transitions; a fully aggregated composite index with large-sample validation remains a task for future research.

Many national climate policies coexist with a persistent gap between stated temperature goals and observed emissions trends, creating a demand for transparent and comparable tools to evaluate policy effectiveness. However, widely used climate-policy ratings differ in scope, indicator design, time coverage, and scoring scales, often producing inconsistent country assessments and complicating evidence-based decision-making. This paper proposes an integrated protocol for cross-index assessment of national climate-policy effectiveness. We combine a comparative analysis and a SWOT analysis of four representative approaches - the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), Climate Action Tracker (CAT), the Climate Laws, Institutions and Measures Index (CLIMI), and the Climate Policy Measure Index (CPMI) - with a pilot inter-index consistency test using correlation analysis for a small country sample. The pilot indicates strong alignment among broad, composite approaches (CCPI, CAT, CLIMI), while an instrument-focused metric (CPMI, centered on carbon-pricing and fiscal signals) shows weaker consistency with outcome- and gov-ernance-oriented ratings. Building on these insights, we compile an integrated indicator set that links outcomes (GHG levels and trends), structural drivers (energy mix, efficiency), policy in-struments (pricing, regulation, subsidies), governance capacity (legal and institutional strength), and enabling conditions (finance, public engagement, international cooperation). The proposed protocol is intended as a decision-support framework to reconcile discrepancies across existing indices and to structure multidimensional evaluations; limitations of the pilot analysis motivate a larger-sample validation and harmonization of index time frames in future work.

The most important disease for plants of the Aesculus genus is leaf spot caused by the leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera , Gracillariidae) , which limits the use of Aesculus in landscaping in urban areas. The leaf miner C. ohridella is an insect widely spread in most European countries. The study was carried out in an urban area with six species of the genus Aesculus L. ( А e . hippocastanum L., A e . pavia L., A e . parviflora Walt., A e . flava Sol., A e . glabra Willd. and hybrid Aesculus × carnea ). The article reflects the results of research on the influence of the leaf miner C. ohridella on the peculiarities of changes in the chemical composition of chestnut leaf extracts. The component composition of the leaves of different ches t nut species was determined using chromatographic analysis. The study shows the results of the phytochemical screening of the leaves of different species from genus Aesculus , uninfested and infested with C. ohridella . A t otal of 186 chemical co m ponents were identified from the leaf extract s of Aesculus plants with six main groups of chemical components – carboh y drates, polyphenols, steroids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids and miscellaneous. The carbohydrates group is represented in the leaves of all studied Aesculus species in the maximum degree. The obtained data demonstrate significant change in the number of all chemical components under the influence of C. ohridella . The studied species showed an increase in carboh y drates content with the influence of leaf miner C. ohridella , except for such species as A e . flava and A e . parviflora . The qualitative composition of polyphenolic compounds was species-specific. The analysis of the composition of extracts of uninfested leaves established that four components were contained in extracts of Ae. hippocastanum and Ae. pavia , but they were different in their composition. In comparison with the composition of polyphenols in leaves without damage and leaves infected with C. ordidella , the absence of (2R-trans)-catechine in extracts from infected leaves of Ae. hippocastanum and Ae. glabra was found. U sing principal component analys i s , it was established that Ae. glabra shows a clear separation between chemical composition of the infested and uninfested samples. We identified two components of a phenolic nature only in extracts of infested leaves of Ae. flava , (trimethylsilyl catechollactate tris(trimethylsilyl) ether and epigallocatechin (6TMS)) , and quercetin was identified only in infected leaf extracts of Ae. glabra . Th ese results can indicate a greater pote n tial resistance of these Aesculus species to damage by the studied herbivory.

Сучасна парадигма сталого розвитку обумовила формування економіки нового типу – зеленої економіки, яка передбачає забезпечення економічного зростання через впровадження зелених технологій. На міжнародному рівні розроблено цілий ряд документів, які вимагають імплементації в національне законодавство. Метою дослідження є визначення ключових характеристик зеленої економіки а також оцінювання можливостей її імплементації в Україні. В результаті проведеного аналізу визначено ключові напрями в яких рухається зелена економіка, систематизовано базові інструменти підтримки, які поділено на цінові та нецінові, більш детально охарактеризовано цінові з виокремленням фінансових інструментів, на яких акцентують увагу фахівці міжнародних організацій з питань сталого розвитку. Значну увагу зосереджено на ролі держави у просуванні зеленої економіки. Визначено головні елементи державної стратегії зеленого зростання. Проаналізовано стан гармонізації вітчизняного законодавства із законодавством Європейського союзу після набуття чинності Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС. Результати проведеного дослідження є основою для подальшого вивчення ролі фінансування зеленої економіки та дослідження дефініції зелені фінанси. Современная парадигма устойчивого развития обусловила формирование экономики нового типа - зеленой экономики, которая предусматривает обеспечение экономического роста путем внедрения зеленых технологий. На международном уровне разработан целый ряд документов, которые требуют имплементации в национальное законодательство. Целью исследования является определение ключевых характеристик зеленой экономики, а также оценка возможностей ее осуществления в Украине. В результате проведенного анализа определены ключевые направления, в которых движется зеленая экономика, систематизированы базовые инструменты поддержки, которые разделены на ценовые и неценовые, более подробно охарактеризованы ценовые с выделением финансовых инструментов, на которых акцентируют внимание специалисты международных организаций по вопросам устойчивого развития. Значительное внимание уделяется роли государства в продвижении зеленой экономики. Определены главные элементы государственной стратегии зеленого роста. Проанализировано состояние гармонизации отечественного законодательства с законодательством Европейского союза после вступления в силу Соглашения об ассоциации между Украиной и ЕС. Результаты проведенного исследования являются основой для дальнейшего изучения роли финансирование зеленой экономики и исследования дефиниции зеленые финансы. The modern paradigm of sustainable development forms a new type of economy - the green economy, which provides for economic growth through the introduction of green technologies. At the international level, a number of documents have been developed that require implementation in national legislation. The aim of the study is the key characteristics of the green economy and estimate of the possibilities its implementation in Ukraine. The key areas in which the green economy are moving are identified, the basic support tools are organized. The instruments are divided into price and non-price. The price instruments are described in more detail. The financial instruments are allotted. Considerable attention is paid to the role of the state in promoting the green economy. The main elements of the state strategy of green growth are determined. The state of harmonization of the domestic legislation with the legislation of the European Union after the entry into force of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU is analyzed. The results of the study are the basis for further study of the role of financing of green economy and the definition of green finance.