Qitao Wu

Unbonded flexible risers, which can experience large bending deformation, are key equipment in advancing deep-sea exploration for marine resources. However, the riser experiences coupled loading effects from ocean environment. This results in complex response characteristics, leading to potential damage or even destruction. By presenting an analytical–numerical framework, this study uncovers the mechanism underlying the coupled failure of the pressure- and tensile-armor layers, furnishes a new tension–pressure coupled failure boundary for the ultimate-limit-state design of deep-water risers, and supplies the corresponding theoretical verification. Firstly, based on the axisymmetric load assumption, a theoretical model is proposed based on principle of functionality; afterwards, the failure model is defined by considering the material elastoplasticity. Secondly, a full-layered numerical model with detailed geometric properties is established; meanwhile, a simplified 7-layer model without a carcass layer is constructed for comparison. Finally, after verified through experimental data and interactive verification of theoretical and numerical methods, the simplified numerical model is proved to have calculation accuracy and validity. The characteristics are studied by the proposed methods. The comparison results show that the pre-applied internal pressure has limited influence on the axial stiffness of unbonded flexible rise. The initial axial tension would enhance the anti-burst failure ability of unbonded flexible riser, the failure pressure increases by 35% when the tensile force is 500 kN.

As the automotive industry continues to evolve toward personalization, lightweighting, and efficient manufacturing, 3D printing technology is increasingly becoming a key technology in automotive design and production due to its advantages in freedom, material utilization, and manufacturing flexibility. This paper systematically summarizes the application paths of 3D printing in typical automotive components such as engines, bumpers, and seats, and also reveal its potential for repairing headlight housings and plastic bumper parts. 3D printing has significantly shortened product development cycles, achieved structural optimization and lightweighting, and demonstrated unique value in personalized. However, it still faces challenges in terms of printing accuracy, material standardization, and process consistency. As well as, this paper further outlines the future development trends in terms of equipment performance, material systems, and process integration, with the aim of providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the deep integration of 3D printing technology into the entire life cycle of automobile manufacturing.