Maha Al-Dalahmeh

This study examines how interconnected artificial intelligence (AI) tools can turn early human resource (HR) allocations into evidence for later career decisions. A counterfactual-twin Monte Carlo simulation compares isolated and linked systems, alongside periodic record resets and opportunity equalization. Paired employees share fixed capability and random shocks but receive slightly different initial scores. Linking decisions amplifies this initial difference through opportunity allocation, observed performance and reusable records. Periodic resets reduce final-career sensitivity, while opportunity equalization affects access more strongly than terminal outcomes. Near parity in average group outcomes can coexist with positive sensitivity among matched individuals. Additional tests preserve the direction of the architecture and intervention contrasts across the examined coefficient settings, although their magnitudes vary. The findings motivate evaluating decision lineage, opportunity access and record reuse across HR systems. They identify mechanisms within a synthetic, uncalibrated model and do not estimate effects in real organizations.

Women remain significantly underrepresented in the leadership of agricultural organizations. Simultaneously, increasing environmental pressures and global efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) create new opportunities to restructure agribusiness operations and promote women’s leadership. This study analyzes data from over five hundred dairy enterprises in the Visegrad Group countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, sourced through ORBIS) to identify management features that foster female leadership within this European context. Principal Component Analysis revealed that a higher number of female directors and shareholders is associated with enhanced women’s leadership. These features are most common in medium-sized enterprises. In contrast to these findings, current EU initiatives promoting gender equality in European agriculture target start-ups and small businesses. However, statistical analysis indicates that leadership in small enterprises is less strongly influenced by gender dynamics. Meanwhile, emerging innovations in dairy production could further strengthen larger companies, potentially diminishing the role of women-led smaller enterprises. To counterbalance this shift, future policies should actively promote gender diversity in corporate boards to ensure equitable leadership opportunities across all business sizes while simultaneously strengthening support for small businesses, regardless of gender.