Andreas Brodschelm

We demonstrate a continuous spectroscopy technique with frequency sensitivity well below the natural transition linewidth, while maintaining a locking range hundreds of times larger. The method exploits the position dependence of a continuous, broadband magneto-optical trap (MOT) operating on the 7.5-kHz-wide intercombination line of strontium. We show that the frequency sensitivity is fundamentally insensitive to the effective MOT laser linewidth. By applying active feedback on the MOT position to a dispersion-optimized frequency comb, which serves as the reference for stabilizing the MOT laser (Boughdachi , arXiv:2507.23617), we achieve a frequency instability below 4.4 × 10 − 13 after 400 s of averaging in both the optical and radio-frequency domains, surpassing the performance of conventional hot-vapor modulation transfer spectroscopy. Our method is a broadly applicable alternative route to frequency references in the high 10 − 14 range around 100 s.

We demonstrate a quasicontinuous sub- μ K strontium source achieved without the use of a high-finesse cavity-locked laser. Our frequency reference is based on a dispersion-optimized, fiber-based frequency comb that enables sub-kHz linewidths. The long-term stability of the comb is defined by an external rf reference: either a 10 MHz rf signal from the Dutch Metrology Institute (VSL) or a tunable rf source whose long-term stability is maintained by monitoring and stabilizing the position of a narrow-line magneto-optical trap (MOT) [Sillus , Rev. Sci. Instrum., 92, 033204 (2021); Heizenreder , Continuous cloud position spectroscopy using a magneto-optical trap, Phys. Rev. Appl. (2026)]. The comb-stabilized system is benchmarked against a conventional cavity-locked laser and achieves comparable performance in broadband and single-frequency MOTs using the narrow 1 S 0 → 3 P 1 laser-cooling transition. We generate high-flux, sub- μ K samples of all three bosonic strontium isotopes and demonstrate quasicontinuous outcoupling from the MOT. These results highlight the system’s suitability for compact, robust, and field-deployable continuous cold-atom devices.

Optical frequency combs and their spectra of evenly spaced discrete laser lines are essential to modern time and frequency metrology. Recent advances in integrated photonic waveguides enable efficient nonlinear broadening of an initially narrowband frequency comb to multi-octave bandwidth. Here, we study the nonlinear dynamics in the generation of such ultrabroadband spectra where different harmonics of the comb can overlap. We show that a set of interleaved combs with different offset frequencies extending across the entire spectrum can emerge, which can be arranged into a practically evenly spaced ultrabroadband frequency comb when the initial comb is offset-free.