José Teixeira Filho

Benzophenones (BPs) and derivatives are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely used in personal care products, food packaging, and flavoring ingredients. This systematic review and bibliometric analysis aimed to identify and summarize analytical methods used to determine BPs in human milk and infant formulas. Furthermore, the bibliometric evaluation explored publication trends by journal, citation count, and geographical distribution, providing insight into the global research landscape on this topic. The most employed sample preparation techniques included liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, low-temperature partitioning, QuEChERS, and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, frequently combined with enzymatic treatments with β-glucuronidase or arylsulfatase to improve recovery and sensitivity. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) were the predominant analytical platforms, with LC–MS being the most used for its ability to detect BPs without derivatization. Recent studies have shown a trend of replacing conventional organic solvents with greener, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approaches, such as miniaturized methods. This trend aligns with Green Analytical Chemistry principles and highlights the need for ongoing methodological and regulatory advancements to ensure food safety and protect public health.

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is among the oldest cultivated plants, with primary production concentrated in the Mediterranean region. In recent decades, olive cultivation has expanded in Brazil, primarily for olive oil production. However, large quantities of olive leaves are discarded during pruning, despite being a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds, particularly oleuropein, a secoiridoid recognized for its health-promoting properties. This study aimed to validate a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method for the quantification of oleuropein in olive leaves. The method was evaluated based on parameters recommended by current analytical validation guidelines, including selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), recovery, and precision. The LOD and LOQ were established at 100 µg kg⁻¹ and 300 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. Due to the wide concentration range of oleuropein in the samples, two calibration curves were constructed: 300 µg kg⁻¹ to 11 mg kg⁻¹, and another from 11 mg kg⁻¹ to 800 mg kg⁻¹. Recovery and precision were assessed at five concentration levels (0.3, 5, 11, 390, and 800 mg kg⁻¹), yielding recovery rates between 99.44% and 106.43%, with coefficients of variation ranging from 2.38% to 5.38%. The method demonstrated excellent linearity in both analytical ranges, high recovery, and low variability, confirming its robustness, accuracy, and reproducibility. Overall, the validated DLLME method proved suitable for the quantification of oleuropein in olive leaf samples and can be reliably applied in studies focusing on the valorization and utilization of oleuropein from this agricultural residue.