Amiran Khabidovich Zanilov

В статье даны оценка и прогноз вклада садоводства в снижение выбросов парниковых газов в условиях адаптации сельского хозяйства к изменению климата на примере растениеводства Юга России. Целью исследования является оценка потенциального вклада садоводства в обеспечение низкоуглеродного развития экономики на примере Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. Выполнена оценка выбросов и поглощения парниковых газов на примере пилотного проекта шпалерно-карликового интенсивного садоводства в Кабардино-Балкарии на площади 120 га. Также выполнен прогноз потенциальной величины депонирования углерода садами интенсивного типа в Республике на период до 2029 г.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the biotechnological potential of thermophilic microorganisms isolated from chernozem soil during composting of poultry manure. The efficiency of the strains was determined by their effect on organic matter degradation, humification intensity, and nitrogen accumulation. The correlation between the quality indicators of the composting process was assessed with the gross values, taking into account the proportion of compost fractions. The strains were identified as: Aeribacillus pallidus KCTC 3564^T (cellulolytic), Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi FJAT-2464^T, Aeribacillus composti N.8^T, Caldifermentibacillus hisashii N-11^T (nitrogen fixers), Acinetobacter pittii CIP 70.29^T, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NBRC 103162^T (nitrifies). It was found that all the bacteria increase the proportion of small fractions by 19.0–19.9%. The gross content of humic acids increases under the influence of nitrifiers (15.5%) and nitrogen fixers (5.5%). The total nitrogen content increases under cellulolytics (13.8%) and nitrogen fixers (20.2%). The smallest fraction (≤0.25 mm) in nitrogen fixers and nitrifying variants has the greatest bioreclamation properties, by 16.4% (p < 0.001) and 12.9% (p < 0.001). Targeted microbial strains provide the direction of the transformation processes during biocomposting. It can also be concluded that assessing the quality of composting based on the fraction distribution can be a promising element of the biofermentation process monitoring.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the biotechnological potential of thermophilic mi-croorganisms isolated from chernozem soil during composting of poultry manure. The ef-ficiency of the strains was determined by their effect on organic matter degradation, humi-fication intensity, and nitrogen accumulation. The correlation between the quality indica-tors of composting process was assessed with the gross values, taking into account the proportion of compost fractions. The strains were identified as: Aeribacillus pallidus KCTC 3564T (cellulolytic), Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi FJAT-2464T, Aeribacillus composti N.8T, Caldifermentibacillus hisashii N-11T (nitrogen fixers) and Acinetobacter pittii CIP 70.29T, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NBRC 103162T (nitrifies). It was found that all the bacteria increase the proportion of small fractions by 19.0-19.9%. The gross content of humic acids increases under the influence of nitrifiers (15.5%) and nitrogen fixers (5.5%). The total nitrogen content increases under cellulolytics (13.8%) and nitrogen fixers (20.2%). The smallest fraction (≤0.25 mm) in nitrogen fixers and nitrifies variants has the greatest bioreclamation properties, by 16.4% and 12.9%. Targeted microbial strains pro-vide the direction of the transformation processes while biocomposting. It can also be con-cluded that assessing the quality of composting based on the fraction distribution can be a promising element of the biofermentation process monitoring.

The purpose of the work was to assess the effect of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems on the balance of greenhouse gases (CO ₂ and N ₂ O) in the agroecosystem wile winter wheat producing. The experiment was conducted 2021–2024 in the steppe zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Tersky District, Opytnoye Village) on a site of long-term experiments included in the Geosystem (No. 037). The soil of the site is represented by ordinary micellar-carbonate chernozem. The calculation of the carbon dioxide balance was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (Order No. 371 dated May 22, 2022). The volumes of nitrous oxide emissions were determined in accordance with the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. By comparing the CO ₂ -eq balance data in the agroecosystem and the CO ₂ -eq corresponding to the amount of N ₂ O emitted from the nitrogen contained in plant residues and fertilizers, as well as the mineralizable nitrogen in the soil, the most climate-friendly (carbon sequestration capacity) system was identified. The average amount of CO ₂ -eq accumulated in the “soil–plant” system over 4 years under the organo-mineral fertilizer system was 98.5 t/ha, compared to 28.7 t/ha under the mineral system. These figures reflect the difference in carbon balance compared to the control option, which did not use any fertilizers. The main absorber of CO ₂ was the soil, both in the topsoil and in the subsoil (0–40 cm). In the organic-mineral system, the accumulation of carbon in the soil was 25.2 t/ha (92.2 t/ha CO ₂ -eq). In the mineral system, it was 7.3 t/ha or 26.7 t/ha CO ₂ -eq.

Currently, the mechanism of root uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by plants and the factors influencing it are poorly understood in the scientific literature. The aim of the work was to establish the influence of external factors on the emission and absorption of CO₂ by the roots and leafs of experimental plants. The research was carried out using the author's installation of vertically differentiated accounting of CO₂ fluxes in the soil–plant-atmosphere system, equipped with CO₂ sensors in hermetically isolated leaf and root chambers. Maize plants in the amount of 19 pieces were used as the object. The model experiment lasted for 40 days, in which four different modes (A-D) were studied, reflecting the influence of external factors on the carbon nutrition of plants. In the “A” mode, the pattern of changes in leaf and root CO₂ absorption was studied depending on the light regime. An inverse correlation (r = -0.859) was established between the dynamics of CO₂ concentrations in the leaf and root chambers during the change of the light phase (16 h) to the night phase (8 h), which allows us to consider the mechanism of root carbon nutrition as an alternative source of CO₂ nutrition for plants. It was also found that the mechanism of root CO₂ absorption is activated in the light phase when the atmospheric CO₂ concentration reaches 417–367 ppm. In the “B” mode, a model of transformation of carbon nutrition of plants using nitrogen fertilizers was considered. It was found that in the first 3 days, fertilizing with ammonium nitrate leads to increased respiration of leaves at night and to a decrease in absorption capacity during the daytime. The absorption capacity of the leaves is reduced from 70.4 ppm to 92.3 ppm, compared with the indicator of mode “A”. In the “C” mode, the effect of different levels of illumination intensity on the carbon nutrition of plants was studied. With a twofold increase in illumination intensity (from 1750 to 3500 lx), after the transition to the dark phase, there is a delay in response (the beginning of leaf respiration) for 80 min. In the “D” mode, the behavior of the root carbon nutrition of plants is studied with a possible increase in CO₂ in the atmosphere, for example, with an increase in the intensity of soil respiration. It was found that as the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere of the leaf chamber increases (500–1500 ppm), its absorption by the root system stops.

Qualitative investigation of the mechanisms of greenhouse carbon dioxide transformation in the soil–plant–atmosphere system requires specialized instrumentation capable of constructing ecosystem models, monitoring ongoing transformations, and processing the resulting data. To expand the methodology for studying carbon dioxide fluxes, we developed an installation for investigating CO₂ transformation mechanisms in the soil–plant–atmosphere system, which simulates and maintains autonomous plant viability while simultaneously recording and displaying the diurnal dynamics of CO₂ concentration within a fully closed system. For a more detailed assessment of the directionality of carbon dioxide transformation, the installation provides complete isolation of the plant’s aerial and subterranean parts. During the installation testing, we used a Paulownia seedling with a mass of 7.47 g, whose developed roots were immersed in river sand enriched with a nitroammophos solution (NPK 16 : 16 : 16). Over a period of 30 days, the iMK LoRa measurement complex recorded CO₂ uptake and release in two zones of the installation at 5-minute intervals. The model experiment demonstrated that the plant can continue growth and development in the absence of an external carbon dioxide source, and biomass formation (+111.8%) occurs via root carbon nutrition. In this case, soil carbon partially (76.4%) enters the atmosphere through plant respiration and is reabsorbed during the light phase, thus sustaining a “small carbon cycle.” The remaining portion of soil carbon (23.6%) contributes directly to biomass formation, bypassing transformation through the leaf apparatus. The proposed installation enables the identification of specific carbon nutrition regimes for various crops, supporting the selection of techniques and agronomic practices for biomass regulation.

Modern problems of litter development at poultry industry enterprises have been considered in the paper together with the possibilities of litter rational usage in closed cycle processes in Russia. The data have been given on poultry livestock quantity, litter formation volume in different regions of country and assessment of the litter agro-technological potential. Modern poultry litter reprocessing technologies have been considered in the paper.