Chenqin Du

Against the dual backdrop of rapid urban development and the drive to build an ecological civilization, coordinating industrial growth with ecological protection is crucial for the sustainable development of industrial cities. Using Haining—a typical industrial city—as a case study, this paper analyzes land-use and landscape-pattern evolution with five phases of land-use/land-cover data (1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) and constructs an ecological security evaluation system. The results indicate that (1) under policy influences, multiple land types in Haining tended to convert into urban–rural residential construction land; (2) over the past forty years, the landscape pattern became more optimized, and ecological security improved, with increased diversity alongside reductions in fragmentation and contagion; and (3) the overall ecological security level rose significantly during the same period. Sustained macro-level policy regulation is needed to maintain long-term ecological security in industrial cities. The study shows that Haining’s ecological security is closely linked to landscape patterns, land-use change, and human disturbance. By tailoring development strategies for different stages, ecological security and sustainable development can be effectively supported, offering guidance for Haining and industrial cities worldwide.

Open-forest lawns – comprising sparse tree canopies and herbaceous ground layers – play vital ecological, esthetic, and social roles in urban green spaces, yet lack a systematic spatial typology to inform design and application. This study employs a case study approach to develop a spatial typology for open-forest lawn landscapes grounded in topological principles. It identifies three spatial archetypes – node-based, pathway-driven, and island-based – and selects 12 representative sites from urban parks in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, China, for analysis. The study examines the spatial characteristics of each archetype, along with their corresponding design logic and thematic intentions. The results show that node-based spaces create a sense of ceremony through enclosed interfaces; pathway-driven spaces encourage dynamic exploration through linear infiltration; and island-based spaces rely on discrete clusters to foster diverse forms of interaction. Moreover, these three spatial forms can be layered to establish a coordinated relationship spanning design themes, spatial sequences, and planting configurations. From both theoretical and practical perspectives, the proposed typological framework offers a spatially oriented reference and guidance for open-forest lawn design.