Ivan Gonzalez-Garcia

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key enabler in soil science and agriculture, supporting advanced modeling, monitoring, and decision-making processes. This systematic review synthesizes recent developments in AI-based soil characterization and agricultural applications, with emphasis on soil physicochemical properties, digital soil mapping, irrigation management, and crop yield prediction. Following the PRISMA 2020 framework, a structured search of the Scopus database identified 196 eligible studies published between 2018 and 2026. The reviewed literature reveals a clear transition toward data-driven approaches, with machine learning and deep learning models dominating recent research. Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, gradient boosting methods, artificial neural networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Long Short-Term Memory architectures were the most frequently reported techniques. The primary data sources included in situ sensors, laboratory measurements, remote sensing imagery, and environmental covariates, often integrated through multi-source data fusion frameworks. The results indicate that tree-based ensemble models provide robust performance across diverse soil properties, whereas deep learning models are particularly effective for spatiotemporal prediction and remote sensing applications. AI-driven systems are increasingly used to support precision agriculture through irrigation optimization, crop yield forecasting, digital soil mapping, and soil health monitoring. However, challenges remain regarding data quality and availability, model transferability across regions, and the limited interpretability of complex models. The findings highlight current research trends, methodological challenges, and future opportunities for the development of reliable and scalable AI-driven soil and agricultural systems.

The construction sector is undergoing a rapid transition toward more resilient, sustainable, and digitally connected systems, creating increasing demand for materials capable of providing functions beyond conventional structural performance. In this context, smart materials have emerged as promising solutions due to their ability to respond to mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic stimuli through adaptive behaviors such as self-healing, structural sensing, energy regulation, vibration control, and reversible deformation. Despite growing scientific interest, available knowledge remains fragmented across specific material families and isolated application domains. Therefore, this study presents a PRISMA-based systematic review of smart materials in construction using peer-reviewed journal literature indexed in Scopus during the 2021–2026 period. The review examines the principal smart material families currently applied in construction, including self-healing concretes, self-sensing cementitious systems, Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), piezoelectric materials, phase change materials, adaptive coatings, conductive nanocomposites, and multifunctional geopolymers. Their engineering functions, structural and architectural applications, reported performance characteristics, sustainability contributions, digital integration potential, and implementation barriers are comparatively discussed and qualitatively synthesized based on the reviewed literature. The findings indicate that smart materials can improve durability, structural health monitoring, seismic resilience, thermal efficiency, lifecycle performance, and carbon reduction when properly integrated into buildings and infrastructure. However, large-scale adoption remains constrained by high initial costs, manufacturing scalability, regulatory uncertainty, long-term durability validation, and limited market confidence. The review further shows that the greatest future potential lies in combining material intelligence with IoT platforms, artificial intelligence, BIM environments, and digital twins. Overall, smart materials are positioned as strategic enablers of next-generation low-carbon, adaptive, and intelligent construction systems.

Hybrid Evolutionary–Fuzzy Systems (HEFS) have emerged as a powerful computational paradigm for addressing complex engineering optimization and intelligent decision-making problems under uncertainty. This study presents a systematic review, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, to analyze advancements in the integration of evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, fuzzy logic, and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques over the period 2020–2026. The analysis focuses on identifying key algorithmic mechanisms, hybridization strategies, performance metrics, and application domains. The results indicate that HEFSs significantly enhance optimization performance by balancing exploration and exploitation, improving robustness, and enabling adaptive and interpretable decision-making in uncertain and multi-objective environments. In particular, fuzzy systems contribute to effective uncertainty modeling and interpretability, while evolutionary and metaheuristic algorithms provide strong global search capabilities. Despite these advantages, important challenges remain, including high computational complexity, scalability limitations, and the trade-off between accuracy and interpretability. The review also identifies emerging research directions involving Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), deep learning integration, digital twins, and big-data-enabled optimization. However, the reviewed evidence suggests that these technologies should currently be interpreted as promising but still evolving extensions, whose maturity and large-scale validation remain heterogeneous across application domains.

The Dvorak technique has represented a fundamental tool for understanding the power of tropical cyclones based on their shape and geometric evolution. However, it should be noted that the Dvorak technique is purely morphological in nature and was developed for wind, not precipitation. The role of shape methods in precipitation prediction remains uncertain, particularly in the context of modern multi-sensor capabilities. This uncertainty forms the motivation for the present study. In an attempt to enrich Dvorak’s technique, this study proposes a novel hypothesis. This study tests the hypothesis that higher precipitation intensity is associated with more organized cloud-system morphology, as captured by simple geometric descriptors and indicative of dynamically coherent convection. A total of 3419 cloud-system objects (after size filter) were utilized to establish geometric relationships in each of them. For the case study of Hurricane Patricia over the Mexican coast in 2015, 3858 geometric shapes were processed. The cloud-system morphology was derived from geostationary imagery (GOES-13) and collocated with satellite precipitation estimates in order to isolate intense-rainfall objects (>50 mm/h). For each object, simple geometric descriptors were computed, and shape variability was summarised via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The present study sought to evaluate the associations with rain-rate metrics (mean, mode, maximum) using rank correlations and k-means clustering. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were conducted on the rain threshold and minimum object size. A Shape Descriptor: ratio between perimeter and diameter was identified as a promising tool to enhance early prediction models of extreme rainfall, contributing to enhanced meteorological risk management. The study indicates that cloud shape can serve as a valuable indicator in the classification and forecasting of intense cloud systems.