Burmaa Otgonbayar

Employee stability constitutes a strategically important concern for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly considering persistent labor shortages and high rates of employee turnover. The purpose of this study is to examine how psychological factors, such as work–life balance and empowerment, affect employees' psychological well-being and work satisfaction, and how these, through organizational commitment, ultimately affect employee retention. Data were collected via questionnaires from employees of small and medium-sized enterprises, and the direct and indirect effects among the variables were examined using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study indicate that work–life balance and employee job autonomy have a statistically significant positive effect on employee psychological well-being (R² =0.660) and job satisfaction (R² = 0.723). Moreover, these psychological states were found to have a strong mediating effect on employee retention through organizational commitment (R² = 0.556). The study's findings demonstrate that organizational commitment is a key mediating variable between psychological factors and employee retention, with theoretical and practical implications for the behavior of small and medium-sized business and for human resource management.

This study aims to examine the macro and micro factors that influence the adoption of B2B e-commerce among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Mongolia. The purpose of the study is to identify the extent to which national readiness, industry readiness, organizational readiness, and market readiness affect different levels of e-commerce adoption. A survey was conducted with 102 SMEs from diverse sectors, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 28 for descriptive and preliminary statistics, while Smart PLS-4 was employed to perform structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate that organizational readiness consistently emerges as the most significant determinant across all adoption levels, highlighting the critical role of leadership, infrastructure, and employee skills. Market readiness was found to strongly influence early adoption, suggesting that customer and supplier expectations act as powerful drivers for SMEs to adopt e-commerce solutions. Conversely, industry readiness exhibited a negative effect at the initial stages and became irrelevant at higher levels of adoption. National readiness showed no significant impact at any level, indicating that macro-level improvements in infrastructure and policies alone do not automatically translate into higher e-commerce adoption among SMEs. These findings contribute to the theoretical advancement of the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework by emphasizing firm-level and market-driven factors as stronger predictors of adoption than national or industry-level conditions. Practically, the results suggest that policymakers should prioritize programs that strengthen SMEs’ internal digital capacities and market responsiveness rather than relying solely on national-level interventions. For business owners, the study underscores the importance of investing in digital infrastructure, human capital, and organizational culture to successfully integrate e-commerce practices. The findings not only provide valuable insights for Mongolia but also offer implications for other developing economies where SMEs face similar structural challenges in digital transformation.