Nursultan Makhanbetuly

Understanding the genomic basis of environmental adaptation is essential for the conservation and genetic improvement of domestic camels. In this study, we investigated the population structure, genetic diversity, and genomic variation potentially associated with environmental adaptation of Kazakh dromedary and Bactrian camels using whole-genome sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing data were generated for Kazakh camels (15 dromedaries and 16 Bactrian camels) and integrated with 131 publicly available genomes representing camel populations from the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Mongolian wild camels. Population structure, genetic diversity, and genome-wide selection were evaluated using principal component analysis, ADMIXTURE, nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, runs of homozygosity, genomic inbreeding (FROH), and selection scans based on F_ST, θπ ratio, and XP-EHH. Population genomic analyses revealed clear differentiation between dromedary and Bactrian camels, whereas Kazakh camel populations exhibited higher nucleotide diversity (θπ = 1.307–1.551 × 10⁻³), and lower genomic inbreeding (median FROH: 0.037–0.056) than Arabian populations. Genome-wide selection analyses identified MC4R as the prominent candidate gene in Kazakh dromedaries and RYR1 as a prominent candidate gene in Kazakh Bactrian camels. Functional enrichment analyses highlighted pathways related to energy metabolism, thermogenesis, calcium signaling, skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress response. These findings provide new insights into genomic variation potentially associated with environmental adaptation in Kazakh camels and offer valuable genomic resources for future conservation, breeding, and evolutionary studies.

Domestic and world experience of intensive livestock breeding indicates that diseases caused by trichophytosis pathogens pose a serious threat to the health of young cattle and to the economy of livestock farms. They are widespread and persist for a long time in the external environment. Stress situations are accompanied by depression of the general condition of the organism and decrease of defense functions. In addition, high humidity creates the risk of disease caused by fungal infections. This is especially dangerous for young animals that are not yet immune resistant. Fungal infections pose a certain danger for industrial livestock farming. Such fungal diseases include trichophytosis and microsporidia.Due to the increase in the number of cattle, noted in recent years abroad and in our country, the danger of human disease is increasing. Commonly accepted measures to control fungal infections urgently require the development of an effective, harmless and immunogenic vaccine, since in recent years the disease occurs in an associated form. 410In this regard, a domestic associated live vaccine against bovine trichophytosis will be developed for the first time in the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are all possibilities for serial production of associated live vaccine against bovine trichophytosis. Timely and routine use can prevent further spread of the disease

In this article, describes theresearch work carried out to determine the amount of nuclear protein in the sperm of breeding rams on a farm. During the special research work, the activity of sperm in the semen of a breeding male animal and its qualitative dynamics were determined. In addition, the relevance of molecular genetic methods in determining the quality of gametes of rams will be discussed in this research work.Currently, the development of breeding sheep husbandry remains an important and relevant topic. For this purpose, it is crucial to employ accurate and reliable methods for assessing ram fertility to improve herd productivity and health. Traditional methods rely on classical approaches such as visual and microscopic sperm evaluation. However, these methods have limited capability for detecting underlying pathologies. In this context, the application of molecular genetic methods as an indirect way to study sperm's functional state is becoming increasingly important in agriculture. In our research, we utilized the aniline blue staining method (aniline blue staining) to determine the protamine and histone content in the nuclear proteins of ram sperm. We microscopically examined the histone quantity in sperm nuclei from ejaculate samples collected from rams. During this study, we performed microscopic counting of stained sperm cells in the samples