Muhammad Bilal

The emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels creates devastating effects on Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, a clean energy source is required to fulfill the energy demand. Hydrogen is considered an energy vector, and the production of green hydrogen is a promising approach. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is the best approach to produced green hydrogen, but the efficiency is low. To produce hydrogen by PEC splitting water, semiconductor photocatalysts have received an enormous amount of academic research in recent years. A new class of co-catalysts based on transition metals has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing charge transfer barriers and enhancing photoelectrochemical (PEC) efficiency. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) and tin oxide ($Sn{O}_2$) multilayer thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation to create an energy gradient between $Sn{O}_2$ and CuO semiconductors for better charge transfer. To improve the crystallinity and reduce the defects, the prepared films were annealed in a tube furnace at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C in an argon inert gas environment. XRD results showed that $Sn{O}_2$/CuO-600 °C exhibited strong peaks, indicating the transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline. SEM images showed the transformation of smooth dense film to a granular structure by annealing, which is better for charge transfer from electrode to electrolyte. Optical properties showed that the bandgap was decreased by annealing, which might be diffusion of Cu and Sn atoms at the interface. PEC results showed that the $Sn{O}_2$/CuO-600 °C heterostructure exhibits the solar light-to-hydrogen (STH%) conversion efficiency of 0.25%.