Bronwyn Sutherland

Background: Despite nursing being the largest US health profession, only 16% of registered nurses (RNs) practice in rural areas, where health care access is limited. This significantly impacts rural residents, including over 2.7 million rural veterans receiving care at the Veterans Health Administration, leading to compromised health outcomes. Nurses are vital in primary care, improving coordination and management of chronic conditions. Objectives: Identify recruitment and retention programs for rural nurses (licensed vocational nurses/licensed practical nurses and RNs), including strategy characteristics and location. Research Design: We conducted a scoping review of published and gray literature. Eligible studies targeted US rural nurse recruitment and retention strategies. Measures: Data were extracted for program characteristics, including strategy type (eg, financial incentive), focus (recruitment, retention, or both), and collaboration levels (single or multi-institutional). Results: Of 1179 unique articles identified, only 60 met the inclusion criteria. An additional 42 programs were identified from gray literature, totaling 102 programs. Twenty-two programs used a multipronged approach (2–14 strategies), totaling 180 strategies. Education (n=85) and personal and professional support (n=54) were the most frequently used recruitment and retention strategies. Conclusions: Of the 102 programs, only 22 used a multipronged approach, with education as the most frequently used strategy. More programs should use a multipronged approach and provide additional incentives and support (eg, financial incentives) to rural nurses beyond education. Only 4 strategies were regulatory, shedding light on the need for more nurse recruitment and retention support at the policy level.