Huang Qifa

This study examines the impact of Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO), Managerial Environmental Concerns (MECs), and Green Absorptive Capacity (GAC) on the environmental performance of Pakistani SMEs. The Dynamic Capabilities View (DCV) and Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) demonstrate that innovation focused on sustainability and competitive advantage is enhanced by managerial engagement, knowledge capability, and environmental awareness. A cross-sectional survey involving 350 managers of SMEs in Pakistan utilized covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). The MEC-to-GEO direction was insignificant, and this implies that the issue of managerial concern is not a driving force towards the initiation of green entrepreneurial endeavors. The confirmatory factor analysis model for the 350 SMEs demonstrates a satisfactory fit (CFI = 0.947; RMSEA = 0.073), along with reliability and validity. GEO and EP are positively influenced by GAC and MECs, with R² values of 0.204 and 0.526, respectively. The findings indicate that the absorptive and managerial capabilities of SMEs can integrate environmental responsibility into strategic decision-making, exceeding regulatory criteria to foster proactive environmental innovation. The study emphasizes ethical leadership, environmental competitiveness, and social responsibility through green information management and cooperative networks. The sustainability ideas and GEO are enhanced in developing nations by linking global green initiatives with local institutions and cultural contexts. Organizational management and policymakers should promote environmental education, ecological innovations, and sustainable practices within sectors. The limitations of the study include the use of self-reported data and cross-sectoral replication utilizing objective environmental indicators.

Many developing countries are still suffering considerable poverty despite the enormous amounts of international development aid channeled to them. This phenomenon raises the question of what role foreign capital plays in these countries. Our study focused on the role of foreign capital (foreign direct investment and foreign aid) and economic freedom in poverty alleviation in developing and least-developed countries using panel data from 1995 to 2018 for 71 countries. We employed several econometric techniques, such as dynamic ordinary least squares, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic fixed effects, and pooled mean group regression methods. Furthermore, we performed the Granger causality test, tested the impulse response function, and conducted variance decomposition analysis. In our long-run estimations, we found that while foreign direct investment could significantly alleviate poverty, it increased poverty in the short run. On the other hand, foreign aid played no significant role in poverty alleviation in either the short or the long run. Moreover, to alleviate poverty, economic growth and economic freedom are essential; our findings consistently demonstrated that they play a crucial role in poverty alleviation. We also found bidirectional causality between poverty alleviation and population growth, while a unidirectional causal linkage was found from poverty alleviation to foreign aid. We conclude that policymakers should develop a new paradigm of developmental assistance, and governments should create an enabling environment for foreign investment to support their growth plan.