Kateryna Duchenko

Ectoparasites have not only a direct pathogenic effect on the animal body, but are also key vectors of transmissible infections, including zoonoses. In veterinary medicine, the following groups of insectoacaricides are mainly used: isoxazolines, spinosyns, macrocyclic lactones, neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazoles, formamidines, pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates, insect growth regulators, plant repellents. A review and analysis of the effectiveness under the conditions of safety of modern insectoacaricides indicates the priority of innovative highly selective compounds (isoxazolines, spinosyns, macrocyclic lactones). Market development is focused on the gradual displacement of traditional groups of insectoacaricides (organophosphates and carbamates) due to high non-target toxicity and development of resistance in ectoparasites. The conducted pharmacological analysis of molecular targets of the presented groups of insecticides confirms that modern agents – isoxazolines, spinosyns, macrocyclic lactones are highly selective and safe, which is justified by the specific affinity for invertebrate receptors (nAChRs, GluCls, GABACls, etc.), which are significantly different from similar structures in mammals or are completely absent in them. The most pronounced prolonged effect is provided by systemic agents of the isoxazoline and macrocyclic lactone groups. The development of combined drugs, which demonstrate an advantage over monodrugs, is promising. An important aspect is the formation of resistance in parasites to active substances, which necessitates the rational use of drugs and the development of new drug rotation and control strategies aimed at slowing the development of resistance. An integrated approach to combating ectoparasites will help increase the effectiveness of preventive measures and reduce economic losses in livestock farming, and is also important within the framework of the «One Health» concept.

The aim: study of innovative world strategies of fight with antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods. The study was conducted by analyzing available scientific literature, open sources in the databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Clarivate, Web of Science, Scopus, etc., as well as the results of our own research. The results. The Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, developed by WHO, was approved in 2015, and in 2023, it was found that 134 out of 194 countries, including Ukraine, which is 69% of the world's countries, had officially adopted national action plans. However, today there are difficulties in effective communication between all countries and the full implementation of the Global Plan, national action plans due to the fact that developing countries have limited resources for the necessary measures. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes are extremely dangerous for human health, which can be compared to a time bomb. Therefore, the fight against antimicrobial resistance requires the consolidation of the work of various industries and should be based on the following areas: the development of partnership programs to optimize the use of antibiotics; the introduction of effective intelligent control and prevention systems; financing programs for the development of new antimicrobial drugs and alternative treatment methods; increased control and intensification of monitoring of the development and spread of resistant microorganisms. Conclusions. The main reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes are livestock farms, hospitals, sewage treatment plants and agricultural lands, so the strategy to combat antibiotic resistance should be based primarily on One Health approaches. The solutions proposed by scientists to combat antimicrobial resistance - new antibiotics; pro-, pre-, symbiotic drugs; enzymes for the destruction of biofilms, adhesion inhibitors and associated therapy with adjuvants or phages - have a positive effect, but currently still require regulatory intervention for large-scale use. Effective control of antimicrobial resistance requires investment, training of specialists, raising public awareness, comprehensive policies and regulatory systems that ensure a balance between public health protection and the appropriate use of antibiotics

The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) has classified enzootic bovine leukemia (EBL) as a disease that significantly affects international trade. The zoonotic potential of BLV is an open question for science today. In Ukraine, for this purpose, RID is mainly used. One of the main problems in the field of cell cultures is mycoplasma infection. The aim of the research was to study the influence of mycoplasma contamination on the antigen-producing ability of FLK-BLV cell cultures. PCR method was used to indicate mycoplasma contamination of FLK-BLV cell cultures. For decontamination, the antibiotic tiamulin was used at a concentration of 30μg/mL in the culture medium, the treatment duration was 21 days. Contamination of FLK-BLV cell cultures with mycoplasma contributed to the inhibition of cell proliferation and a decrease in monolayer formation by 30% for contaminated cultures and by 20% for decontaminated cultures. Decontamination from mycoplasma improves the growth properties of FLK-BLV cell cultures. Mitotic activity with mycoplasma contamination decreased on average by 34.5% compared to primary pure cultures. After decontamination with the antibiotic tiamulin, the mitotic activity of cell cultures increased by 17.25% compared to the contaminated culture, but at the same time was lower by 24.25% compared to primary pure cultures. Analysis of the antigen-producing biological activity of sublines of cells contaminated with mycoplasma, decontaminated from mycoplasma and primary pure cultures indicates an increase in antigen-producing properties and antigen titer due to decontamination of cell cultures. The absence of a working antigen titer (at ++++) from the contaminated FLK-BLV-U subline was established in comparison with the working antigen titer of the titer in the native antigen solution from the decontaminated FLK-BLV-U culture and titers from 1:0.5 to 1:1 from the initially pure uncontaminated cell cultures FLK-BLV-P 1, FLK-BLV-P 2.