M. S. Suh
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Research Interests
M. S. Suh has a total of 8 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Evalyne Maria Jansen
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
1 shared publication - Henderik Willem Frijlink
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
1 shared publication - Lisa Opsomer
Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
1 shared publication - Mitchel J. R. Ruigrok
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
1 shared publication - Niek N. Sanders
Ghent University
1 shared publication - P. M. Ruppel
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
1 shared publication
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 18 January 2026
- Published by MDPI AG in Pharmaceutics
- Vol. 18 (1) , 121
Freeze-Drying in Sucrose Followed by Cryomilling Enables the Formulation of sa-mRNA–LNP Powders for Inhalation
Background: Self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) represents a promising platform for vaccines and gene therapies, offering sustained protein expression at low doses through self-replication. For vaccines targeting respiratory pathogens, pulmonary delivery of sa-mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is particularly advantageous, enabling direct delivery to the infection site and induction of mucosal immunity. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the stability of sa-mRNA–LNPs under refrigerated and frozen conditions and developed a dry powder formulation suitable for inhalation, produced by freeze-drying followed by cryomilling with leucine. Methods: sa-mRNA–LNPs formulated in HEPES buffer with 20% (w/v) sucrose were stored for up to 8 weeks as liquid or freeze-dried samples at various temperatures (−80 °C, −20 °C, 4 °C, and 20 °C). Biological stability was assessed by transfection efficiency in HeLa cells, while physical stability was characterized by encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index. Results: Liquid formulations remained stable for at least 8 weeks at −80 °C and −20 °C but rapidly lost stability at 4 °C and 20 °C. Freeze-drying effectively preserved sa-mRNA–LNP functionality and structural integrity for up to 8 weeks at 4 °C, with only minor structural changes. Subsequent cryomilling in the presence of 4 wt-% leucine produced a respirable dry powder while retaining approximately 60% of the original sa-mRNA–LNP functionality. Although cryomilling induced some structural alterations, the remaining functional fraction remained stable during storage. The resulting powders displayed favorable aerosol performance for deep lung delivery, as demonstrated by cascade impaction (MMAD = 4.13 ± 0.26 µm). Conclusions: In conclusion, freeze-drying effectively preserved sa-mRNA–LNP integrity at 4 °C, whereas cryomilling with leucine produced a respirable dry powder suitable for pulmonary delivery, providing a foundation for globally accessible, needle-free sa-mRNA vaccines against respiratory diseases.
- 18 January 2026
- Published by MDPI AG in Pharmaceutics
- Vol. 18 (1) , 121
Open AccessFreeze-Drying in Sucrose Followed by Cryomilling Enables the Formulation of sa-mRNA–LNP Powders for Inhalation
Background: Self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) represents a promising platform for vaccines and gene therapies, offering sustained protein expression at low doses through self-replication. For vaccines targeting respiratory pathogens, pulmonary delivery of sa-mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is particularly advantageous, enabling direct delivery to the infection site and induction of mucosal immunity. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the stability of sa-mRNA–LNPs under refrigerated and frozen conditions and developed a dry powder formulation suitable for inhalation, produced by freeze-drying followed by cryomilling with leucine. Methods: sa-mRNA–LNPs formulated in HEPES buffer with 20% (w/v) sucrose were stored for up to 8 weeks as liquid or freeze-dried samples at various temperatures (−80 °C, −20 °C, 4 °C, and 20 °C). Biological stability was assessed by transfection efficiency in HeLa cells, while physical stability was characterized by encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index. Results: Liquid formulations remained stable for at least 8 weeks at −80 °C and −20 °C but rapidly lost stability at 4 °C and 20 °C. Freeze-drying effectively preserved sa-mRNA–LNP functionality and structural integrity for up to 8 weeks at 4 °C, with only minor structural changes. Subsequent cryomilling in the presence of 4 wt-% leucine produced a respirable dry powder while retaining approximately 60% of the original sa-mRNA–LNP functionality. Although cryomilling induced some structural alterations, the remaining functional fraction remained stable during storage. The resulting powders displayed favorable aerosol performance for deep lung delivery, as demonstrated by cascade impaction (MMAD = 4.13 ± 0.26 µm). Conclusions: In conclusion, freeze-drying effectively preserved sa-mRNA–LNP integrity at 4 °C, whereas cryomilling with leucine produced a respirable dry powder suitable for pulmonary delivery, providing a foundation for globally accessible, needle-free sa-mRNA vaccines against respiratory diseases.