Mohini Rawat

Background: Huntington’s disease is a slowly progressive autosomal dominant neurodegeneration caused by mutant huntingtin-induced proteomic disturbances such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein homeostasis disturbance, synaptic degeneration, and neuroinflammation. Resveratrol, a polyphenol derived from Vitis vinifera, has emerged as a repurposed activator of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) with neuroprotective potential in Huntington’s disease. Aim: This manuscript aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of resveratrol in Huntington’s disease, with a focus on its SIRT1-mediated effects on proteomic abnormalities and related pathogenic pathways. Methods: This paper presents an analytical discussion and mechanistic analysis based on pre-clinical evidence, proteomics research, network pharmacology, and experimental studies concerning resveratrol, the SIRT1 pathway, and Huntington’s disease model systems. This manuscript combines evidence collected from experiments using iPSC-derived neurons, transgenic mice, and other neurodegeneration experiments to elucidate the molecular rationale for resveratrol repurposing. Results: According to this review, resveratrol can stimulate SIRT1 through allostery to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defence, autophagy, proteostasis, suppression of neuroinflammation, and recovery of synaptic and metabolic protein networks affected by Huntington’s disease. However, it is limited by poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and an inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Major Findings: Resveratrol from Vitis vinifera appears to be a promising repurposed SIRT1 activator that may alleviate Huntington

This manuscript reviews tailored organocatalysis as a key part of green chemistry. It highlights metal-free, recyclable systems that support sustainable synthesis. Tailored organocatalysts include proline derivatives, thioureas, Cinchona alkaloids, and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). They achieve high conversion rates of over 95% in aldol additions, Michael additions, and C-C couplings under mild conditions, such as water or deep eutectic solvents (DES). Proline derivatives enable biodegradable aldol reactions with greater than 95% enantiomeric excess (ee). Squaramides allow for high-turnover cascades in DES, which can be recycled without using toxic solvents. Custom catalysts also reach over 95% efficiency in CO2 conversion and biomass upgrades, remaining recyclable for over 10 cycles and outperforming traditional methods with less than 40% atom economy. Atomic economy hits 98% in regioselective Fe/Co/Ni systems and 100% in photocatalytic Cu clusters for C-H activation. This helps minimize byproducts through enamine/iminium and hydrogenbonding activation. Single-atom Pd catalysts ensure a 90% reduction in waste for boration/C-C couplings at room temperature. AuLaMnCuO3 perovskites achieve 95% conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde at 225°C with stability for 500 hours. Biocatalyst hybrids made from agro-waste reach 99% enantiopurity in water-based esterifications, which supports circular economies. These innovations replace stoichiometric agents, drastically reducing E-factors and enabling scalable pharmaceutical processes that produce over 99% ee products.

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) involves Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) plaque accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, and cerebral hypoperfusion, with Ginkgo biloba flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol glycosides in EGb761) emerging as nutraceuticals that enhance endothelial Nitric Oxide (NO) pathways for vasodilation while inhibiting Aβ fibrillisation. Aim: To review the dual mechanisms of Ginkgo flavonoids in boosting cerebral blood flow via endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) activation and preventing Aβ aggregation, alongside their nutraceutical applications, preclinical/clinical evidence, and safety profile for AD management. Methods: Comprehensive literature synthesis from in vitro (e.g., DPPH, Thioflavin T (ThT) assays), animal models (e.g., hippocampal perfusion in AD rodents), clinical trials (e.g., EGb761 with donepezil), and network pharmacology analyses, structured around phytochemical profiles, mechanistic pathways, formulations, and future directions. Results: Flavonoids upregulate eNOS via PI3K/Akt (20-50% NO increase, 15-25% flow enhancement), scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), inhibit arginase, and promote glymphatic clearance; They bind Aβ1-42 (Kd 1-5 μM), reduce fibril formation (40-82% ThT inhibition), downregulate Beta site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1), and suppress neuroinflammation. Clinical data show cognitive gains (+2.4 Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) points) and Aβ oligomer reduction in adjunct therapy, with safe dosing (120-240 mg/day EGb761). Major Findings: Ginkgo flavonoids offer multifaceted AD benefits through NO-mediated perfusion and anti-amyloid actions, ideal for functional foods and supplements.

Background: Pyrostegia venusta, an evergreen climber belonging to Bignoniaceae, native to South America, naturalised in tropical parts, including India, has been found to possess good ethnomedicinal properties. Traditionally used in treating respiratory infections, wounds, skin problems, inflammation, and as a tonic, the plant’s above-ground parts, such as flowers, leaves, stems, and roots, are used in infusion or decoction forms. Aim: The present review is an interdisciplinary approach that consolidates evidence from ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological standpoints, explaining the anti-inflammatory mechanism, therapeutic potential, and prospects of P. venusta with respect to natural product-based drug development targeting inflammation-related disorders. Methods: A total literature survey integrated traditional uses from ethnopharmacological records with modern studies employing in vivo models (e.g., carrageenan-induced paw oedema, leukocyte migration inhibition), in vitro assays (e.g., DPPH radical scavenging, enzyme inhibition), phytochemical analyses [GC-MS, HPLC for flavonoids/sterols], and histological evaluations for wound healing. Data from Brazilian folk medicine, animal toxicity tests, and molecular pathway analysis, such as COX-2, NOS, and cytokines, were synthesised in the absence of primary experimentation. Results: The hydroethanolic/methanolic extracts were very effective against inflammation through COX-2/NOS inhibition, reduction of TNF-α/IL-6, and antioxidant activity, superior to controls in oedema models. The acceleration of wound healing with enhanced collagen-hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, and modulated cytokines, antinociceptive activity comparable to standards in pain models, along with ancillary antimicrobial action against S. aureus/E. coli, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, and low acute toxicity-LD50 (>2000 mg/kg)-all support their use. Phytoconstituents such as oleanolic acid and flavonoids correlated well with multi-target modulation of the oxidative/inflammatory cascades. Conclusion: Pyrostegia venusta promises to be one of the most workable phytotherapies for inflammation, lesions, and pain, which the traditional and scientific data support with a very low level of toxicity. Future research should emphasise clinical trials, enhancement of bioavailability, and molecular docking for drug leads, thus advocating for sustainable integration into evidence-based medicine. Major Findings: Pyrostegia venusta extracts demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX-2, NOS, TNF-α, and IL-6, while reducing oxidative stress via flavonoids like quercetin and oleanolic acid.

Objective: This study was undertaken to design a rapidly disintegrating sublingual tablet of ondansetron hydrochloride intended to provide prompt antiemetic action. The formulation approach was aimed at enhancing onset of action, avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism, and improving administration in patients who experience nausea, vomiting, or difficulty swallowing conventional tablets. Methods: Nine tablet formulations were produced by direct compression using three superdisintegrants, namely crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate, at different concentrations. Powder blends were characterized for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, and compressibility index. Finished tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, disintegration time, and dissolution behavior. Compatibility between ondansetron and excipients was assessed by FTIR spectroscopy. Drug release profiles were analyzed using various kinetic models, and the optimized formulation was subjected to accelerated stability testing at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH for three months. Results: All prepared formulations complied with acceptable quality criteria and showed satisfactory mechanical properties. Tablets containing crospovidone demonstrated superior performance, with formulation F5 exhibiting the fastest disintegration (72.33 ± 0.05 s) and nearly complete drug release (99%) within 10 minutes. Release data were best described by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R² = 0.996), indicating diffusion-governed drug release. Stability studies confirmed that the optimized formulation retained its physical integrity and dissolution characteristics throughout the study period. Conclusion: The sublingual ondansetron formulation prepared with crospovidone provided rapid tablet breakup and efficient drug release, indicating its suitability as an alternative dosage form for immediate relief of nausea and vomiting. The formulation offers improved convenience, quick therapeutic action, and promising potential for clinical use and large-scale manufacturing