Ahmed

Inherited factors account for a large share of breast cancer susceptibility, yet the biological consequences of most risk variants are still poorly understood. To address this gap, we studied 175 breast cancer risk variants confirmed by genome‐wide association studies and gathered the genes that lie near them. Two complementary gene sets were assembled. The first collected every gene immediately flanking each risk variant, regardless of distance. The second kept only the closest gene together with genes tagged by variants in strong linkage disequilibrium within a 100 kb interval. Across both sets, the clearest biological signal pointed to androgen receptor‐mediated signaling. Pathway mapping additionally implicated the Wnt/β‐catenin and Hedgehog cascades, and this pattern was most evident in the flanking‐gene set. With HaploReg, we annotated correlated variants at each locus and recovered features that mark active regulation. Enrichment testing returned a 4.8‐fold excess of DNase I hypersensitivity in a breast cancer cell line and a 15.7‐fold excess of enhancer motifs in a stem cell line. Together, these results indicate that breast cancer risk markers and their correlated variants influence the activity of neighboring genes and converge on a small number of signaling pathways central to mammary biology.

Genetically engineered plants incorporate the use of a novel bioreactor known as molecular pharming, which has a transformative view on the pharmaceutical industry. The technique enables mass production, at a low cost, and reproducibly of a large number of different protein‐based drugs, vaccines, and industrial enzymes. This review‐based study outlines the chronological evolution of molecular pharming, investigates its essential principles and elective applications, and meticulously compares it with other methods, namely conventional biomanufacturing. We present the numerous host organisms employed, the leading‐edge genetic engineering procedure, and the sophisticated approaches for protein purification and extraction. Additionally, we deliver in‐depth analysis of the noteworthy advantages that take place in molecular pharming as a captivating substitute, in conjunction with obstinate challenges, including concerns of public insights, intricate regulatory frameworks, and consideration for economic sustainability. Finally, this comprehensive study explores the promising direction, evolving innovations, and essential areas that influence future research to fully reveal the extensive potential of plant‐based biopharmaceutical production for industrial strains and global health.