Rafael Rodrigues dos Santos

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder with a high rate of undiagnosed patients, primarily due to the complexity of its diagnosis made by polysomnography (PSG). Considering the severe comorbidities associated with OSA, especially in the cardiovascular system, the development of early screening tools for this disease is imperative. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple and non-invasive approach used as a probe to evaluate cardiac autonomic modulation, with a variety of newly developed indices lacking studies with OSA patients.Objectives: We aimed to evaluate numerous HRV indices, derived from linear but mainly nonlinear indices, combined or not with oxygen saturation indices, for detecting the presence and severity of OSA using machine learning models.Methods: ECG waveforms were collected from 291 PSG recordings to calculate 34 HRV indices. Minimum oxygen saturation value during sleep (SatMin), the percentage of total sleep time the patient spent with oxygen saturation below 90% (T90), and patient anthropometric data were also considered as inputs to the models. The Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) was used to categorize into severity classes of OSA (normal, mild, moderate, severe) to train multiclass or binary (normal-to-mild and moderate-to-severe) classification models, using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. Since the OSA severity groups were unbalanced, we used the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) to oversample the minority classes.Results: Multiclass models achieved a mean area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.92 and 0.86 in classifying normal individuals and severe OSA patients, respectively, when using all attributes. When the groups were dichotomized into normal-to-mild OSA vs. moderate-to-severe OSA, an AUROC of 0.83 was obtained. As revealed by RF, the importance of features indicates that all feature modalities (HRV, SpO₂, and anthropometric variables) contribute to the top 10 ranks.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of using classification models to detect the presence and severity of OSA using these indices. Our findings have the potential to contribute to the development of rapid screening tools aimed at assisting individuals affected by this condition, to expedite diagnosis and initiate timely treatment.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders and affects nearly a billion people worldwide. Furthermore, it is estimated that many patients with OSA are underdiagnosed, which contributes to the development of comorbidities, such as cardiac autonomic imbalance, leading to high cardiac risk. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive, widely used approach to evaluating neural control of the heart. This study evaluates the relationship between HRV indices and the presence and severity of OSA. We hypothesize that HRV, especially the nonlinear methods, can serve as an easy-to-collect marker for OSA early risk stratification. Polysomnography (PSG) exams of 157 patients were classified into four groups: OSA-free (N = 26), OSA-mild (N = 39), OSA-moderate (N = 37), and OSA-severe (N = 55). The electrocardiogram was extracted from the PSG recordings, and a 15-min beat-by-beat series of RR intervals were generated every hour during the first 6 h of sleep. Linear and nonlinear HRV approaches were employed to calculate 32 indices of HRV. Specifically, time- and frequency-domain, symbolic analysis, entropy measures, heart rate fragmentation, acceleration and deceleration capacities, asymmetry measures, and fractal analysis. Results with indices of sympathovagal balance provided support to reinforce previous knowledge that patients with OSA have sympathetic overactivity. Nonlinear indices showed that HRV dynamics of patients with OSA display a loss of physiologic complexity that could contribute to their higher risk of development of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, many HRV indices were found to be linked with clinical scores of PSG. Therefore, a complete set of HRV indices, especially the ones obtained by the nonlinear approaches, can bring valuable information about the presence and severity of OSA, suggesting that HRV can be helpful for in a quick diagnosis of OSA, and supporting early interventions that could potentially reduce the development of comorbidities.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders and affects nearly a billion people worldwide. Furthermore, it is estimated that many patients with OSA are underdiagnosed, which contributes to the development of comorbidities, such as cardiac autonomic imbalance, leading to high cardiac risk. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non‐invasive, widely used approach to evaluate neural control of the heart. This study aims to seek the relationship between HRV indices and the presence and severity of OSA. Polysomnography (PSG) exams of 157 patients were classified into four groups: OSA‐free (N=26), mild (N=39), moderate (N=37), and severe OSA (N=55). The electrocardiogram was extracted from the PSG, and a 15‐min beat‐by‐beat series of RR intervals was generated every hour during the first 6 h of sleep. Linear and nonlinear HRV approaches were employed to calculate a variety of indices of HRV. Specifically, time‐ and frequency‐domain, symbolic analysis, entropy measures, heart rate fragmentation, acceleration and deceleration capacities, asymmetry measures, and fractal analysis (detrended fluctuation analysis). Results with indices of sympathovagal balance reinforced previous findings that patients with OSA have sympathetic overactivity. Nonlinear indices showed that these patients suffer from a loss of physiologic complexity, contributing to their higher risk of development of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, as shown in the table below, many HRV indices presented statistically significant correlation with PSG's clinical scores: apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), microarousal index (MI), percentage of the total sleep time that the patient was with oxygen saturation below 90% (T90), and oxygen saturation nadir during sleep (SatMin). Therefore, a complete set of HRV indices, especially the nonlinear ones, can bring valuable information about the presence and severity of OSA, suggesting that HRV can be helpful in a quick diagnosis of OSA, potentially reducing the development of comorbidities.