Qian Pu

Introduction: Parenting styles are associated with adolescent well‐being, yet the mechanisms linking family relational resources and individual traits remain less clear, particularly regarding potential differences between maternal and paternal influences. Methods: This longitudinal study included 824 early adolescents from China ( M _Age = 12.68 ± 0.43, 53.90% boys), followed across 4 waves over 18 months. Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether perceived parental trust and support (PTS) and adolescent resilience sequentially mediated the associations between parenting styles (emotional warmth, rejection, and overprotection) and adolescent well‐being. Multi‐group analyses were conducted to explore adolescent gender differences. Results: Maternal emotional warmth was positively associated with adolescent well‐being by fostering PTS and resilience, whereas maternal rejection and overprotection were indirectly associated with lower adolescent well‐being through reduced PTS and the sequential pathway. Crucially, paternal effects were mainly observed in relation to emotional warmth. Multi‐group analyses suggested some gender differences, with stronger indirect associations observed among girls for all three parenting styles. Conclusions: These findings highlight a sequential pathway linking parenting styles to adolescent well‐being through interconnected relational and individual processes and suggest that maternal and paternal parenting, as well as gender differences, should be interpreted with caution. Interventions targeting parent–child relationships may benefit from focusing on enhancing adolescents' perceptions of trust and support.

Bullying perpetration and victimization are prevalent adolescent peer problems with lasting adverse consequences. Although previous research identifies various parental and family risks for these peer problems, the role of mothers' parental burnout and the underlying longitudinal mechanisms remain underexplored. This three-wave longitudinal study (6-month intervals across 12 months) examined whether higher levels of mothers' parental burnout at T1 predicted higher adolescent bullying perpetration and victimization at T3, and whether adolescents' perceptions of higher psychological control at T2 and lower autonomy support at T2 mediated these associations. The sample included 1,969 adolescents (49.90% boys; M_age = 14.35, SD_age = 1.30) and their mothers (M_age = 41.68, SD_age = 5.24). After controlling for autoregressive effects and covariates (gender, school, and SES), results showed that higher mothers' parental burnout at T1 predicted higher psychological control at T2 and lower autonomy support at T2, as well as greater bullying perpetration and victimization at T3. Higher psychological control at T2, rather than lower autonomy support at T2, uniquely predicted greater bullying perpetration and victimization at T3 and emerged as the specific significant longitudinal mediator. The indirect effect through psychological control exceeded that through autonomy support for both outcomes (significant at the 90% CI for bullying perpetration and 95% CI for bullying victimization). These findings revealed that psychological control is the specific parenting mechanism through which mothers' parental burnout contributes to adolescents' later bullying perpetration and victimization.