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Aim: This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the performance of ChatGPT-5.4, Claude Sonnet 4.6, and Gemini 3.1 Pro large language models (LLMs) in answering theoretical orthodontic questions under web search-enabled conditions. Methodology: A total of 30 open-ended questions covering the topics of growth and development, functional analysis, mixed dentition, extraoral appliances, malocclusion, and orthodontic treatment planning were prepared from Contemporary Orthodontics (7th edition, 2025). The questions were presented to all three models under standardized conditions in separate sessions in March 2026 with web search enabled. The responses were anonymized and independently evaluated in a blinded manner by two orthodontists using a 5-point Likert scale incorporating accuracy, scientific adequacy, completeness, and clarity into a single overall score. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 31.0); the Friedman test was used for model comparisons, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Mean performance scores were 4.40 ± 0.72 for ChatGPT-5.4, 4.43 ± 0.61 for Claude Sonnet 4.6, and 4.32 ± 0.88 for Gemini 3.1 Pro. Median scores were 4.50, 4.50, and 4.75, respectively. No statistically significant difference in overall performance was found among the models (χ² = 0.400; df = 2; p = 0.819; Kendall's W = 0.007). Subgroup analyses by topic category also revealed no significant differences in any category (all p > 0.05). Inter-rater reliability was limited (α = 0.706). Conclusion: All three models achieved high-performance scores, with no statistically significant difference in overall performance among them; this does not establish equivalence. With independent verification, these LLMs may serve as supportive tools in orthodontic education.

Thermoforming remains the predominant fabrication route for clear thermoplastic orthodontic appliances, yet it reduces and redistributes sheet thickness, which governs force delivered to teeth. Simultaneous thermoforming of two models may reduce fabrication time and material waste; however, its effect on final appliance thickness has not been evaluated. This in vitro study compared appliance thickness after thermoforming over a single model or two models simultaneously, using ten commercial aligner brands with different polymer composition and initial thickness. Thickness was measured with a digital caliper at anterior, canine and posterior sites, and analyzed using three-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests. A significant three-way interaction (measurement point × number of models × brand; p < 0.001) was found. Significant single- versus dual-model differences emerged in some brand–region combinations; in most, dual-model appliances were thicker than single-model appliances. Four brands showed no significant difference at any site. Within the limits of this study, simultaneous fabrication of two appliances in a single thermoforming cycle produced appliances with thicknesses comparable to, and often slightly greater than, those fabricated over a single model. Simultaneous thermoforming maintained comparable appliance thickness and may improve manufacturing efficiency.

Ortodontide Kanıta Dayalı Klinik Uygulamalar, çağdaş ortodonti pratiğini şekillendiren temel ve yenilikçi konuları bir araya getiren kapsamlı bir akademik eserdir. Bu kitapta; MARPE uygulamalarından fonksiyonel ortodontiye, Sınıf III maloklüzyonların yönetiminden ağız solunumunun dentofasiyal etkilerine, ortodontik diş hareketinin hızlandırılmasından kök rezorpsiyonuna kadar geniş bir yelpazede güncel bilgiler sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca yapay zekâ destekli tanı ve tedavi planlaması, doğrudan 3D baskılı alignerlar, 4D ortodontik materyaller ve şeffaf plak sistemlerine ilişkin en güncel bilimsel gelişmeler ayrıntılı biçimde değerlendirilmektedir. Kanıta dayalı yaklaşımı merkeze alan bu eser; klinik karar verme süreçlerinde güvenilir bilimsel verileri öne çıkarırken, geleneksel ve modern tedavi yöntemlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak ele almakta ve güncel literatür ışığında yorumlamaktadır. Ortodonti uzmanları, akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, uzmanlık öğrencileri ve diş hekimleri için hazırlanan bu kitap, hem günlük klinik uygulamalarda yararlanılabilecek pratik bilgiler hem de bilimsel perspektif kazandıran kapsamlı değerlendirmeler sunmaktadır. Bilimsel kanıtlarla desteklenen güncel bilgiler, yenilikçi teknolojiler ve geleceğin ortodontisine yön veren yaklaşımlar bu eserde bir araya getirilmiştir.