Cruz Vargas Katherine Gisela

Systemic inflammatory diseases may simultaneously affect the skin and ocular structures, generating clinical patterns that can contribute to earlier recognition of underlying immune-mediated disorders. This review analyzed the relationship between cutaneous and ocular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, Behçet’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, systemic sclerosis, and psoriasis, with emphasis on early diagnosis and comprehensive management. An integrative literature review was conducted using the Scientific Method as the methodological framework, prioritizing peer-reviewed publications, systematic reviews, clinical reviews, diagnostic criteria, and international recommendations. The evidence was organized according to pathophysiological mechanisms, dermatological manifestations, ocular findings, diagnostic warning signs, complementary studies, and therapeutic strategies. The analysis identified recurrent cutaneous patterns including papular, plaque, nodular, erythematous, photosensitive, vasculitic, purpuric, mucosal, telangiectatic, periungual, and xerotic manifestations. Ocular involvement included dry eye disease, uveitis, retinal vascular and microvascular abnormalities, scleritis, episcleritis, keratitis, conjunctival and lacrimal involvement, optic neuropathy, and orbital inflammation. Systemic lupus erythematosus showed the broadest combined spectrum of manifestations, whereas Behçet’s syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and sarcoidosis were particularly relevant because of potentially sight-threatening inflammatory involvement. Systemic clinical assessment and multidisciplinary follow-up were consistently identified as central components of management, accompanied by targeted laboratory testing, specialized ophthalmological evaluation, histopathology when appropriate, corticosteroids, conventional immunosuppressive agents, and biologic or targeted therapies according to disease severity. The findings indicate that the diagnostic value of cutaneous and ocular manifestations depends primarily on their combination, chronology, severity, and systemic context rather than on isolated findings. Integrating dermatological and ophthalmological assessment with systemic evaluation may facilitate earlier diagnosis, improve clinical stratification, guide timely treatment, and reduce the risk of irreversible visual and systemic complications.

Regenerative dermatology has emerged as a transformative field that integrates advances in regenerative medicine, molecular biology, and aesthetic dermatology to promote tissue repair through biological rather than purely corrective mechanisms. Among the most promising innovations, exosomes and polynucleotides have attracted considerable scientific attention because of their ability to stimulate fibroblast activity, enhance collagen synthesis, regulate inflammatory responses, promote angiogenesis, and improve extracellular matrix remodeling. The objective of this review was to analyze the current scientific evidence regarding the biological foundations, clinical applications, therapeutic effectiveness, safety profile, and future perspectives of these next-generation regenerative therapies. A narrative literature review was conducted following the scientific method using peer-reviewed publications from major biomedical databases. The available evidence demonstrates encouraging results in facial rejuvenation, photoaging, scar remodeling, chronic wound healing, periocular rejuvenation, and hair restoration, with improvements in skin quality and high patient satisfaction while maintaining a favorable short-term safety profile. Nevertheless, important methodological limitations remain, including heterogeneous treatment protocols, limited randomized clinical trials, and insufficient long-term follow-up. Continued international collaboration, standardized manufacturing processes, rigorous regulatory frameworks, and high-quality multicenter clinical studies will be essential to establish evidence-based therapeutic guidelines and consolidate regenerative dermatology as a mature clinical discipline.

Hidden hearing loss (HHL) has emerged as an important topic in auditory medicine because many individuals experience significant communication difficulties despite presenting normal pure-tone audiometric thresholds. This review critically analyzes current international evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic perspectives associated with HHL, with particular emphasis on cochlear synaptopathy and its implications for clinical practice. A narrative literature review was conducted using the Scientific Method as the methodological framework. Scientific publications indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were reviewed, prioritizing original investigations, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines published in peer-reviewed journals. The evidence indicates that speech-in-noise perception deficits, tinnitus, listening fatigue, and temporal auditory processing impairments represent the most frequently reported manifestations among individuals with suspected HHL. Occupational and recreational noise exposure, together with physiological aging, were consistently identified as the principal risk factors. Although conventional pure-tone audiometry remains essential for hearing assessment, it demonstrates limited sensitivity for detecting early neural dysfunction. Complementary evaluations, including speech-in-noise testing, auditory brainstem responses, extended high-frequency audiometry, and other electrophysiological techniques, provide additional diagnostic information; however, no single method currently constitutes a definitive diagnostic standard. The reviewed literature supports the implementation of multimodal diagnostic strategies integrating behavioral, physiological, and clinical findings. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the need for standardized diagnostic criteria, objective biomarkers, multicenter investigations, and increased scientific participation from Latin America. Hidden hearing loss represents an evolving multidisciplinary concept that expands the understanding of auditory dysfunction beyond conventional audiometry and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive patient-centered evaluation to improve early recognition, clinical management, and future research.