Muhammad Mohsin Ali

Introduction: Cancer-causing viruses like Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are well-established causes of malignancies. However, emerging research has suggested a potential role for these viruses in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adults. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the association between these oncogenic viruses and CVD, focusing on their contribution to cardiovascular health. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify studies published up to 2025. Inclusion criteria were adults aged 18 and above, with randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies exploring the link between HPV, EBV, HIV, and CVD. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, viral infection type, cardiovascular outcomes, and statistical analyses. Results Studies revealed significant associations between HPV and CVD, with chronic inflammation as a key contributing factor. HIV-infected individuals were found to have increased cardiovascular risk due to inflammation and ART induced lipid abnormalities. EBV showed inconsistent results, with some studies indicating indirect effects, particularly in individuals with autoimmune diseases. Conclusion This review highlights that while HPV and HIV have a clearer association with cardiovascular risk, EBV’s role requires further investigation. Future research should aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore preventive strategies for individuals infected with these viruses.

The clinical diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is based on a collection of symptoms and indicators that point to compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Objective: To find out the severity, functional status, and pain of carpal tunnel syndrome in motorbike riders using BCTQ and NPRS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4 months on 169 motorbike riders in Faisalabad based on inclusion and exclusion criteria after obtaining consent. Phalen test was used to see carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain identification was done by using BCTQ in the selected subjects. Data were evaluated by SPSS version 22. Pearson Chi-Square test was applied for BCTQ symptom severity and functional limitation. Results: Data showed that all 169 participants were men. It also demonstrated that 42% fall in the category of 20-24 years, 33.1% fall in the 25-29 years category, and 24.9% fall in the age category of 30-34 years. The distribution showed that the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome by the Phalen test was 13% (22) among motorbike riders (169). Conclusions: Bike riding is an occupational hazard for CTS. To lower the risk of CTS in occupations involving motorbike riders, programs utilizing ergonomic and industrial hygiene improvement must be developed and implemented. The study showed that the prevalence of CTS among motorbike riders was 13% and the mean ± S.D was 1.869 ± .3375.