Double-cropped Corn Ethanol in Brazil: An existing food-energy system that contributes to multiple Sustainable Development Goals

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Abstract
We evaluate the fast-expanding food-energy system of double-cropped corn ethanol in the Brazilian Center-West region using a novel combination of environmental and socio-economic models. Based on this comprehensive approach, we find that this system provides renewable and affordable energy (5 billion liters of ethanol, 600 MWh of electrical power) and feed (4 thousand tonnes of distillers dried grains), reduces greenhouse gas emissions (9.3 million to 13.2 million tons of CO2e), saves land (160 thousand hectares), boosts regional income growth and consumption (0.05% to 0.6% increase in household income), improves food security, and benefits ecosystems and human health. These impacts are amplified when carbon capture and storage is coupled into the process. Key features responsible for this outcome include the integration of feedstock supply into existing practices and the use of sustainable biomass to provide process energy. Future analysis should consider region-specific factors when incorporating these features into other bioenergy systems.

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