Engineered Conductive Metal–organic Frameworks for Electrochemical Detection of Urinary Biomarkers

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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of health concerns has sparked a demand for advanced health monitoring tools, which is a significant challenge for researchers. Analysis of biofluid samples and biomarker monitoring is vital for comprehensive health assessment. In this context, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as one of the leading materials for developing cutting‐edge artificial sensors. These unique MOFs have been developed from metallic and organic linkers and consist of tunable pores and dynamic surface areas, attracting various guest molecules to participate in developing advanced electrochemical devices. This study is a gateway to a world where MOF designs transcend mere inventions, morphing into electric marvels that revolutionize urine sample monitoring. From the inception and design to the fabrication of MOF sensors tailored for electrochemical applications, this study prides itself on elucidating the factors affecting MOF‐based electrical devices and sensors. Moreover, the focus is placed on conductivity, electrode properties, and recent state‐of‐the‐art urine sample analysis, highlighting the pivotal role biomarkers play in honing the resilience and performance of the sensors. Finally, this study is specific to electrochemical sensors used for urine analysis. It will attract researchers to develop new portable tools for health monitoring by analyzing urine samples.

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