Muhammad Bilal Asif

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), driven mainly by hydroxyl ( ^• OH) and sulfate (SO ₄ ^•− ) radicals, can mineralize micropollutants or transform recalcitrant pollutants into biodegradable intermediates. However, heterogeneous AOPs often suffer from rapid quenching of reactive species and limited catalyst recyclability. This study critically assesses recent progress in membrane‐based nanoconfined AOPs with a main objective of critically evaluating polymeric catalytic membranes vs. ceramic catalytic membranes. According to our literature survey, we identify ultrafast kinetics by polymeric catalytic membranes, particularly layered double hydroxide incorporated polymeric membranes with a k value of up to 240 000 min ⁻¹ ; and angstrom‐confined laminar membranes achieving millisecond‐scale degradation, albeit with substantial flux‐activity trade‐offs. On the other hand, ceramic catalytic membranes are observed to maintain lower median flux (55 LMH) and lower median k values (0.88 min ⁻¹ ). Importantly, they show predictable hydraulics, broader oxidant compatibility, robustness under harsh pH, and effective removal of mixed micropollutants via radical and non‐radical pathways. Significant evidence was found for the restructuring of water under nanoconfinement, along with enrichment of reaction media, strengthening of oxidant adsorption, lowering activation barriers, and suppressing radical self‐quenching. Future implementation will require integrated advances in membrane engineering, catalyst design, reactor/process integration, and scalable manufacturing of catalytic membranes.

The increasing prevalence of health concerns has sparked a demand for advanced health monitoring tools, which is a significant challenge for researchers. Analysis of biofluid samples and biomarker monitoring is vital for comprehensive health assessment. In this context, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as one of the leading materials for developing cutting‐edge artificial sensors. These unique MOFs have been developed from metallic and organic linkers and consist of tunable pores and dynamic surface areas, attracting various guest molecules to participate in developing advanced electrochemical devices. This study is a gateway to a world where MOF designs transcend mere inventions, morphing into electric marvels that revolutionize urine sample monitoring. From the inception and design to the fabrication of MOF sensors tailored for electrochemical applications, this study prides itself on elucidating the factors affecting MOF‐based electrical devices and sensors. Moreover, the focus is placed on conductivity, electrode properties, and recent state‐of‐the‐art urine sample analysis, highlighting the pivotal role biomarkers play in honing the resilience and performance of the sensors. Finally, this study is specific to electrochemical sensors used for urine analysis. It will attract researchers to develop new portable tools for health monitoring by analyzing urine samples.