Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Wireless Pedal Force Measurement System for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Applications

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Abstract
Lower extremity force distribution and pedalling symmetry play a critical role in both optimizing athletic performance and preventing injuries during rehabilitation. Existing pedal force measurement systems are often expensive and limited to controlled laboratory environments. This study presents the design, development, and validation of a low-cost, portable, and wireless pedal force measurement system. The system includes two 50 kg-capacity load cells per pedal, an ESP32 microcontroller for data acquisition and Bluetooth transmission, and a custom C# software for real-time visualization and data logging. In static load tests conducted with calibrated reference weights (21.1 kg, 42.3 kg, and 63.7 kg), the system demonstrated high linearity with the reference loads (r = 0.9999). Additionally, an average difference of only 0.72% between the left and right pedals at 42.3 kg confirmed high symmetry and repeatability. One-way ANOVA results p-values (left: 0.640; right: 0.878) exceeded 0.05, indicating that the position of the applied load did not significantly affect measurement accuracy, reflecting consistent sensitivity and structural integrity. Overall, the validated system offers a reliable, non-invasive, and cost-effective platform applicable to sports science, performance monitoring, and physical rehabilitation contexts.

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