Passivity of Metals, Alloys, and Semiconductors

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Abstract
The sections in this article are Introduction: Definition of Passivity: Survey of Systems: General Principles of Passivity: Thermodynamics and Bond Polarity: Experimental Techniques for Characterization of Passive Films: Thickness and Stoichiometry of Passive Films: Chemistry, Crystal Structure and Aging: Chemistry and Crystal Structure: Aging: Potential Distribution at the Interface: Electrochemical and Chemical Reactions in Passive Systems: Reactions: Current Densities i : Ionic Properties, Migration and Ion‐Transfer Reactions: Electronic Behavior and ETR: Band Structure of Oxide Films: Electron‐Transfer Reactions ETR at Oxide Films: Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conductivity: Equivalent Circuit Diagrams: Growth of Oxide Films and Ionic Migration: Survey on the Growth of Oxide Films: Insulating Passive Films on Metals: Growth, and Corrosion of Al as Example: Thermodynamic Aspects: A Survey on Oxide Formation from CVs: The Film Formation Factor k : Electrochemical Impedance Spectra EIS and Equivalent Circuit Diagram: Kinetics of Film Growth: Corrosion and Breakdown: Porous Aluminum Oxide: Other Types of Passive Aluminum Oxide Films, Anof, Modified Aluminum, Alloys: Other Systems: Other Metals Forming Insulating Oxide Films: Semiconducting and Metallic Oxide Films on Metals: Duplex Films: Passivation with Participation of the Electrolyte: Semiconductors: Passivation of Alloys: ITR at the Homogeneous Oxide/Electrolyte Interface: Corrosion and Modification: Passive Corrosion in the Steady State: Corrosion during Oxide Growth: Oxide Reduction and Oxidation: Modification of Oxide Films by ITR of Other Ions: Corrosion at Inhomogeneous Films: Breakdown, Pitting and Localized Attack: Microscopic and Molecular Reasons for Local Corrosion: Dielectric Breakdown: Collision ionization model: Tunnel model for thin films: Pitting Corrosion: Cathodic Breakdown: Laser Induced Breakdown or Oxide Growth: Applications: Conclusions: Acknowledgments:

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