Energy‐Efficient Automotive Thermal Systems Using AdvancedTri‐Hybrid Nanofluid Technology: Nonlinear Radiative Effects With Modified Fourier Heat Flux Model

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Abstract
The use of engine oil contributes substantially to enhancing the thermal performance in the automobile industry by effectively dissipating heat from the engine and components, confirming optimal operating temperature. The advanced formulations, includingtri‐hybridnanofluid‐enhanced engine oil, are adopted to enhance thermal performance, reducing wear and improving fuel efficiency. The objective of the current work is to modify the thermal efficiencies of engine oil with the application oftri‐hybrid nanofluid. Thetri‐hybrid nanofluid is subject to the utilization of titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), copper oxide (CuO), and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) nanoparticles with an engine oil base fluid. The base fluid properties are represented with the help of a couple stress fluid. The thermal problem is influenced by nonlinear radiative transport as well as an external heating source. A porous stretched surface comprising the suction features is assumed to be the source of flow. The heat transfer problem is subject to convective boundary constraints. The modified Cattaneo–Christov model is used to formulate the problem. To compute the result numerically, awell‐established shooting scheme has been implemented. Comparative analysis for heat transfer is conducted to examine the thermal performance of mononanofluid (TiO 2 /Engine oil), hybrid nanofluid (CuO‐TiO 2 /Engine oil), andtri‐hybrid nanomaterial (TiO 2 ‐CuO‐SiO 2 /Engine oil). The claimed results present innovative insight for the optimization of modern cooling systems in the automobile industry, where effective thermal regulation is necessary. Furthermore, the proposed model highlights potential for upgrading the engine efficiency and reducing the energy consumption in automotive systems.
Funding Information
  • Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNURSP2025R730)

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