Impact of Electron-Beam Heating during 3D Nanoprinting

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Abstract
An artifact limiting the reproduction of 3D designs using nanoprinting has been quantified. Beam induced heating was determined, through complementary experiments, models and simulations, to affect the deposition rate during the 3D nanoprinting of mesh objects using focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). The mesh objects are constructed using interconnected nanowires. During nanowire growth, the beam interaction driving deposition also causes local heating. The temperature at the beam interaction region (BIR) progressively rises as thermal resistance increases with nanowire growth. Heat dissipation resembles the classical mode of heat transfer from extended surfaces; heat must flow through the mesh object to reach the substrate sink. Simulations reveal that beam heating causes an increase in the rate of precursor desorption at the BIR causing a concomitant decrease in the deposition rate. Temperature changes as small as 10 K produce noticeable changes in deposit geometry – nanowires appear to deflect/curve toward the substrate because the vertical growth rate decreases. 3D FEBID naturally ensues from the substrate surface, upward, inducing a vertical temperature gradient along the deposit. Simulations, experiments, temperature–controlled studies, and process current monitoring all confirm the cause of nanowire distortion as beam induced heating while also revealing the rate determining physics governing the final deposit shape.
Funding Information
  • Bundesministerium f?r Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft
  • ?sterreichische Forschungsf?rderungsgesellschaft (11056459)
  • ?sterreichische Nationalstiftung f?r Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung

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