Poor Bone Quality is Associated With Greater Arterial Stiffness: Insights From the UK Biobank

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Abstract
Osteoporosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD) represent important public health problems. Existing research suggests an association between the two conditions beyond that attributable to shared risk factors, with a potentially causal relationship. In this study, we tested the association of bone speed of sound (SOS) from quantitative heel ultrasound with (i) measures of arterial compliance from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (aortic distensibility [AD]); (ii) finger photoplethysmography (arterial stiffness index [ASI]); and (iii) incident myocardial infarction and IHD mortality in the UK Biobank cohort. We considered the potential mediating effect of a range of blood biomarkers and cardiometabolic morbidities and evaluated differential relationships by sex, menopause status, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. Furthermore, we considered whether associations with arterial compliance explained association of SOS with ischemic cardiovascular outcomes. Higher SOS was associated with lower arterial compliance by both ASI and AD for both men and women. The relationship was most consistent with ASI, likely relating to larger sample size available for this variable (n = 159,542 versus n = 18,229). There was no clear evidence of differential relationship by menopause, smoking, diabetes, or body mass index (BMI). Blood biomarkers appeared important in mediating the association for both men and women, but with different directions of effect and did not fully explain the observed effects. In fully adjusted models, higher SOS was associated with significantly lower IHD mortality in men, but less robustly in women. The association of SOS with ASI did not explain this observation. In conclusion, our findings support a positive association between bone and vascular health with consistent patterns of association in men and women. The underlying mechanisms are complex and appear to vary by sex. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Funding Information
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P001009/1)
  • Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (825903)
  • Wellcome Trust (203553/Z/Z)
  • National Institute for Health Research
  • Wellcome
  • University of Oxford
  • Biomedical Research Centre
  • University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
  • University of Southampton
  • International Osteoporosis Foundation
  • Royal Osteoporosis Society
  • Arthritis Research UK
  • British Heart Foundation (FS/17/81/33318, PG/15/74/31747)
  • Medical Research Council
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P001009/1)
  • Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (825903)
  • Wellcome Trust (203553/Z/Z)
  • National Institute for Health Research
  • Wellcome Trust
  • University of Oxford
  • NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
  • University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
  • University of Southampton
  • International Osteoporosis Foundation
  • Royal Osteoporosis Society
  • Arthritis Research UK
  • British Heart Foundation (FS/17/81/33318, PG/15/74/31747)
  • Medical Research Council Canada

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