Wave front perturbation effect on the variability of monopile wave impact loads

The slamming wave force and pressure variabilities for monopile wave impacts are studied as functions of wave breaking shape and transverse perturbations on the breaking wave front. The impacting wave topology is characterized as slosh, flip-through, $\varOmega$ , overturning and fully broken. Fifty test repetitions are conducted for each type of wave impact to assess the variability of force impulse, force and pressure. The results for the unperturbed cases show that the slamming force is highest among the nominal slosh, flip-through and $\varOmega$ tests, and that the slamming force variability is highest for the first two. We demonstrate that the slamming force and pressure variabilities decrease notably after selecting and regrouping the tests by similar crest heights and temporal slopes measured at an upstream wave gauge. The group representing $\varOmega$ wave impacts shows the largest mean slamming force and peak pressure, and their variability is the highest among all groups. Further, the effect of lateral perturbations on the pressure, force and impulse variabilities is investigated. Due to the perturbations, the slamming pressure variability for the wave impacts in which the wave front hits the monopile surface increases significantly. The variability of the slamming force is also increased for the perturbed impacts; however, it is smaller than the slamming pressure variability. The force impulse variability shows a low sensitivity to perturbations, and its magnitude is smaller than that of the force variability. Finally, the slamming pressure using fifteen pressure sensors for five selected events is studied. For these tests, oscillations at frequencies associated with structural or bubble oscillations are seen. Further, the air entertainment is documented through video recordings.