The Effect of Economic Growth on Health Expenditures: A Panel Quantile Regression Approach

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Abstract
In developing countries, health expenditures play a crucial role in improving access to healthcare services and reducing social inequalities. This study aims to examine the relationship between health expenditures and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Türkiye (MINT) using panel quantile regression analysis. To ensure that this relationship is not limited solely to direct effects and to capture the multidimensional nature of the health system more comprehensively, the study also considers the effects of various health indicators. Unlike traditional mean-based methods, this approach allows analysis of effects at different points along the conditional distributions of the variables. Empirical evidence indicates that the effects of GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, fertility rate, mortality rate, and urban population on health expenditures in MINT countries are statistically significant across all quantiles except for the τ=0,10 quantile level (p

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