A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Intestinal and Systemic Diseases Associated with Pancreatic Disorders: Causality or Casualty?
Authors:
- Maria Cristina Conti BellocchiMaria Cristina Conti Bellocchi
- Stefano Francesco CrinòSCStefano Francesco Crinò
- Giulia De MarchiGMGiulia De Marchi
- Nicolò De PretisNPNicolò De Pretis
- Andrew OfosuAOAndrew Ofosu
- Federico CaldartFederico Caldart
- Rachele CiccocioppoRCRachele Ciccocioppo
- Luca FrulloniLFLuca Frulloni
Open Access
- 8 May 2023
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in Biomedicines
- Vol. 11 (5) , 1393
Abstract
The relationship between chronic intestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease (CelD), and pancreatic disorders has been little investigated. Although an increased risk of acute pancreatitis (AP), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with or without chronic pancreatitis, and chronic asymptomatic pancreatic hyperenzymemia have been described in these patients, the pathogenetic link remains unclear. It may potentially involve drugs, altered microcirculation, gut permeability/motility with disruption of enteric-mediated hormone secretion, bacterial translocation, and activation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue related to chronic inflammation. In addition, the risk of pancreatic cancer seems to be increased in both IBD and CelD patients with unknown pathogenesis. Finally, other systemic conditions (e.g., IgG4-related disease, sarcoidosis, vasculitides) might affect pancreatic gland and the intestinal tract with various clinical manifestations. This review includes the current understandings of this enigmatic association, reporting a clinical and pathophysiological overview about this topic.Keywords
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