Spatiotemporal Evolution and Coupling Analysis of Human Footprints and Habitat Quality: Evidence of 21 Consecutive Years in China

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Abstract
Assessing the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of habitat quality, human footprint, and coupling coordination between two systems in continuous cycles and on national scales is of great significance to maintaining biodiversity and sustainable development. This study took China as an example, based on land-use data from 2000 to 2020, using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs—Habitat Quality (InVEST-HQ) model and the human footprint framework, coupling trend analysis methods such as Theil–Sen Median Analysis, Mann–Kendall Test, and Grid Transition Matrix (GTM) Method and combining the four-quadrant model and the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of habitat quality, human footprint, and CCDM in China for 21 consecutive years and the response relationship between the two systems of habitat quality and human footprint. The results show that the land cover change area from 2000 to 2020 accounted for 4.2% of the total area. Both habitat quality and human footprints exhibit apparent spatial heterogeneity along the “Hu Line” and generally fall into two evolutionary stages: “degradation–improvement”. The proportions of degradation and improvement were 14.37% and 8.36%, respectively, and the mutation point was in the year 2013; the average human footprint increased by 16.75%, and the increased and decreased area proportions were 63.40% and 21.53%, respectively. The mutation occurred in 2014. The right side of the “Hu Line” primarily hosts areas with high values of the coordinated coupling index of human footprints and habitat quality systems. The four quadrants generally have the following characteristics: “quadrant IV on the right is dominant, quadrants II and III on the left are dominant, and quadrant I is located in the transition zone of the ‘Hu Line’”. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) and human footprints have a weak, nonlinear “inverted U-shaped” relationship. This study provides compelling evidence for the spatiotemporal evolution and coupling relationship between habitat quality and human footprint in China, provides scientific decision-making support for biodiversity protection and sustainable economic development, and maintains the bottom line of ecological security for a beautiful China.
Funding Information
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M742426, 2022YFF1301205, 22110499001001, 22111101004003)
  • National Key Research and Development Project of China (2023M742426, 2022YFF1301205, 22110499001001, 22111101004003)
  • National Ecological Environment Survey and Assessment of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (2023M742426, 2022YFF1301205, 22110499001001, 22111101004003)
  • National Ecological Environment Monitoring Management and Information Release of Ministry Ecology and Environment of China (2023M742426, 2022YFF1301205, 22110499001001, 22111101004003)

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